Electromagnetism-Coupled Photocatalysis: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Yan Mi
,
Wenjian Fang
,
Yawei Jiang
,
Yang Yang
,
Yongsheng Liu
,
Wenfeng Shangguan

Photocatalysis is one of the most promising green technologies to utilize solar energy for clean energy achievement and environmental governance, such as artificial photosynthesis, water splitting, pollutants degradation, etc.

  • photocatalysis
  • assisted external physical fields
  • coupling effects

1. Introduction

In order to achieve the carbon emission reduction target, photocatalysis has been widely considered to be a promising technology. After half a century of development, photocatalysis has tended to increasingly maturate, especially in many fields, such as pollutant degradation, water splitting, CO2 reduction, and desulfurization [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. However, the main reason limiting photocatalytic technology from basic research to practical application is that the conversion efficiency of solar energy is still very low, which is far from meeting the requirements of commercial applications [12][13]. At present, there are two main ways to break the bottleneck of the efficiency of photocatalytic energy conversion: one is to enhance the absorption rate of the solar spectrum and the other is to efficiently promote the separation of photogenerated carriers.
Techniques for modification of photocatalytic materials, such as doping, compositing other materials, cocatalyst loading, morphology controlling, etc., have been confirmed to improve light absorption and photogenerated carrier separation efficiently [14][15][16][17][18]. However, the energy conversion efficiency is still very low although it has been improved to some extent by these modifications. Therefore, it is necessary to find a new way to achieve a breakthrough in photocatalytic performance. Studies have shown that photocatalytic activity can be greatly improved by adding other physical fields to the photocatalytic reaction process [19][20]. Generally, the assisted external field can provide additional energy to the photocatalytic system, which will power photogenerated charge separation and thereby improve the efficiency of photocatalysis. According to the energy form, as shown in Figure 1 the assisted physical field can be divided into the thermal field, mechanical field, and, electromagnetic field. In terms of energy generation types, it can also be divided into infrared thermal effect, microwave thermal effect, ultrasonic cavitation effect, friction electrostatic effect, external controllable electromagnetic field effect, and so on. One of the most common assisted physical fields is the thermal field. For example, in the photocatalytic reaction, most of the infrared light in the sunlight cannot be effectively used, which will dissipate into heat. Since infrared light and heat are inseparable, the infrared absorbing material can be composited into the photocatalytic material to collect the infrared band energy promoting the separation of photogenerated carriers. In addition, other non-contact external fields, such as the electric field, magnetic field, microwave field, and ultrasound field, can significantly improve the efficiency of the photocatalytic system, which have different mechanisms and respective advantages.
Catalysts 12 01042 g001
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of three types of external field-assisted photocatalysis.

2. Electromagnetism-Coupled Photocatalysis (ECP)

The electromagnetism-coupled photocatalysis is divided into two parts. They are electro-coupled photocatalysis and magnetism-coupled photocatalysis, respectively. In addition, Table 1 summarizes the application results of electromagnetism-coupled photocatalysis in recent years.
Table 1. Summary of electromagnetism-coupled photocatalysis in recent years.
Material Condition Application Activity Blank Control Ref.
ZnO UV light
magnet (600 mT)		 MB
degradation		 DE = 60%
(3 min)		 PC:
DE = 24%		 [21]
CoFe2O4 UV light
(100 mW/cm2)
magnet (200 mT)		 MB
degradation		 DE = 80%
(60 min)		 PC:
DE = 28%		 [22]
n-TiO2/PS 400 W UV light
power supply (3 V)		 MB
degradation		 DE = 38%
(30 min)		 PC:
DE = 20%		 [23]
rGO/TiO2 40 W UV lamp
Nd2Fe14B magnet		 MO
degradation		 DE = 91%
(120 min)		 TiO2:
DE = 68%		 [24]
TiO2 4 W mercury lamp
magnet (280 mT)		 MO
degradation		 DE ≈ 94%
(75 min)		 PC:
DE ≈ 70%		 [25]
α-Fe2O3/TiO2 Diode Green Laser
magnet (400 mT)		 RhB
degradation		 DE ≈ 70%
(60 min)		 PC:
DE ≈ 45%		 [26]
Ti0.936O2 300 W Xe lamp
electromagnet
(80 mT)		 RhB
degradation		 k ≈ 0.075 min−1 PC:
k ≈ 0.05 min−1		 [27]
BiFeO3 500 W Xe lamp
(λ > 420 nm)
electrical poling		 RhB
degradation		 k = 0.035 min−1 PC:
k = 0.016 min−1		 [28]
α-Fe2O3/rGO 300 W Xe lamp
magnet		 CR
degradation		 DE = 87%
(30 min)		 PC:
DE = 60%		 [29]
CoFe2O4/MoS2 300 W Xe lamp
electromagnet
(150 mT)		 CR
degradation		 DE = 96.6%
(60 min)		 PC (50 mT):
DE = 82%		 [30]
BiOBr/BNQDs 300 W Xe lamp
(λ > 420 nm)
magnet		 TC
degradation		 DE = 81%
(60 min)		 BiOBr:
DE = 60%		 [31]
hierarchical TiO2
microspheres		 500 W Xe lamp
power supply (2 V)		 TBT
degradation		 k = 0.0488 min−1 PC:
k = 0.0052 min−1		 [32]
Mn3O4/γ-MnOOH 300 W Xe lamp
magnet (60 mT)		 NOR
degradation		 DE = 98.8%
(160 min)		 PC:
DE = 90.3%		 [33]
α-Fe2O3/Zn1-xFexO Xe lamp
(λ > 420 nm)
ten magnets
(20 mT)		 RIB
degradation		 k = 0.0125 min−1 PC:
k = 0.0072 min−1		 [34]
Au/Fe3O4/N-TiO2 70 W tungsten light
magnet (180 mT)		 H2 production 21230 μmol g−1 h−1 PC:
7600 μmol g−1 h−1		 [35]
CdS/MoS2/Mo 300 W Xe lamp
(100 mW/cm2)
rotating magnet		 H2 production 1.97 mmol g−1 h−1 PC:
1.04 mmol g−1 h−1		 [36]
Au-CdS 300 W Xe lamp
rotating magnet		 H2 production 105 μmol g−1 h−1 PC:
223 μmol g−1 h−1		 [37]
Pt/TiO2 3 W LED lamp
DC power (1 V)		 H2 production 3242.6 μmol g−1 h−1 PC:
1102.8 μmol g−1 h−1		 [38]
K0.5Na0.5NbO3 300 W Xe lamp
corona poling
(690 kV/cm)		 H2 production 470 μmol g−1 h−1 PC:
63 μmol g−1 h−1		 [39]
Rutile TiO2 nanograss sunlight
power supply (2 V)		 Cr ion removal 143.8 mg/g - [40]
Bi2MoO6 300 W Xe lamp
corona poling
(20 kV/cm)		 CO2 reduction 14.38 μmol g−1 h−1
(CO)		 PC:
4.08 μmol g−1 h−1		 [41]
BaTiO3 300 W Xe lamp
magnet		 nitrogen fixation 1.93 mgL−1 h−1 PC:
1.35 mgL−1 h−1		 [42]

2.1. Electro-Coupled Photocatalysis

Adding an external electric field to the photocatalytic system can effectively promote the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers. At present, there are two main ways for researchers to add an electric field: one is to directly connect to an external power source during the photocatalytic process, and the other is to polarize the catalyst in the electric field and then perform photocatalytic experiments.
Directly adding an external electric field during the photocatalytic process is a common utilization method in electro-coupled photocatalysis. Li et al. synthesized rutile TiO2 nanograss on titanium mesh [40]. By connecting the titanium mesh to a power source, the photocatalytic removal capacity of rutile TiO2 nanograss for Cr(VI) ions in wastewater can reach 143.8 mg/g under an external electric field and sunlight. Studies have shown that electrons provided by an external electric field can effectively inhibit the recombination of photogenerated carriers, thereby enhancing the catalytic activity. Pan et al. synthesized layered TiO2 microspheres for the removal of tributyltin (TBT) in electro-coupled photocatalysis, and the reaction setup is shown in Figure 2 [32]. The bias potential provided by the applied electric field greatly facilitates the separation of photogenerated carriers. The results show that the removal reaction rate constant (k = 0.0488 min−1) under electro-coupled photocatalysis is nearly times higher than that under photocatalysis (k = 0.0052 min−1). Zhang et al. developed a new electro-assisted photocatalytic technology for liquid and gas phase reactions (such as water splitting and CO2 reduction) [38]. They applied a lower external voltage on the self-doped TiO2 nanotube films. With electrical assistance, the recombination of photogenerated carriers is greatly suppressed, and photoexcited electrons are ejected from the catalyst, enabling spatial separation of carriers. It is worth mentioning that the photocatalytic redox reaction is integrated on a thin film in this system, rather than taking place on traditional separate electrodes.
Catalysts 12 01042 g020
Figure 2. Diagrammatic sketch of the electro-field-assisted-photocatalytic system (Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2017, copyright Elsevier).
In addition to directly adding an external electric field, the researchers also developed another way of electrically coupled photocatalysis. They put the ferroelectric material into an external electric field for polarization before conducting the photocatalytic experiments. The strong ferroelectric field formed by the polarized material can effectively promote charge separation and improve photocatalytic efficiency. Nam et al. prepared polarized K0.5Na0.5NbO3 powder by a corona polarization method for H2 production [39]. The enlarged positively charged surface of the catalyst promotes the photocatalytic activity. Under optimal conditions, its photocatalytic activity was increased by 7.4 times. Yun et al. prepared well-polarized BiFeO3 nanoparticles by a simple electrical polarization method [28]. The photocatalytic degradation rate of RhB by the polarized BiFeO3 nanoparticles was increased by two times compared with the unpolarized. Its excellent photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the improved carrier separation by ferroelectric polarization. Tian et al. prepared ultrathin Bi2MoO6 nanosheets with strong ferroelectricity by a corona polarization method for photocatalytic CO2 reduction [41]. Its CO generation rate is 14.38 μmol g−1 h−1, which is more than 10 times higher than that of bulk Bi2MoO6. As shown in Figure 3, this combined strategy significantly promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, enriches the reaction sites for CO2 adsorption, and jointly improves the photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance.
Catalysts 12 01042 g021
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of ferroelectric field-assisted photocatalysis of Bi2MoO6 (Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2020, copyright Royal Society of Chemistry).

2.2. Magnetism-Coupled Photocatalysis

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the promotion of magnetic fields on photocatalytic performance. In a magnetism-coupled photocatalytic system, the magnetic-field-induced Lorentz force diverts the charge from its original recombination path, leading to more carriers participating in the reaction, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity [24][31][34][43][44]. In addition, for materials with electron spin properties, the magnetic field can also enhance the electron-spin parallel alignment, which also has a positive effect on photocatalytic performance [27][35][45].
Gao et al. reported a Lorentz force-enhanced photogenerated carrier separation strategy using highly crystalline TiO2 nanosheets with few defects as photocatalysts [43]. Studies have shown that the Lorentz force suppresses photogenerated carrier recombination, making more carriers available for transport in photocatalysts. The results showed that the photocatalytic degradation rate of MO was increased by 26% only by placing permanent magnets under the photocatalytic reactor. Nan et al. synthesized a 3D/2D Mn2O3/g-C3N4 photocatalyst for simultaneous removal of nitrate and ammonia from polluted water and developed a magnetic field-enhanced photocatalytic system [44]. Under the action of an external magnetic field, the removal efficiencies of nitrate and ammonia were 94.5% and 97.4%, respectively. The external magnetic field promotes the separation of carriers by generating the Lorentz force. Tsang et al. reported a photocatalytic water splitting system based on Fe3O4/N-TiO2 magnetic photocatalyst assisted by the local magnetic field effect [35]. At a magnetic field strength of 180 mT and 270 °C, the quantum efficiency at 437 nm reaches 88.7%. As shown in Figure 4, the synergistic effect of the Lorentz force and spin polarization greatly facilitates the charge separation process, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency. Sang et al. prepared a CdS/MoS2/Mo hybrid structured photocatalyst and studied the effect of magnetic field on photocatalytic activity [36]. The relative motion between the metal molybdenum sheet and the rotating magnetic field forms a kinematic electromotive force. This electromotive force significantly inhibits the photo-induced carrier recombination of CdS. Under the synergistic effect of MoS2 co-catalyst, its photocatalytic H2 production performance is improved by approximately 89% compared with single photocatalysis. Chen et al. synthesized a Mn3O4/γ-MnOOH photocatalyst for norfloxacin (NOR) degradation [33]. Under the action of magnetic field-assisted visible light, the degradation rate of NOR was 98.8% within 60 min. In neutral media, positively charged NOR and negatively charged catalysts align in the presence of a magnetic field, thereby enhancing the reactivity. Furthermore, the opposing Lorentz force contributed to the mutual attraction between NOR and catalyst, which accelerated NOR degradation.
Catalysts 12 01042 g022
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of magnetic field-promoted photocatalytic water splitting system (Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2022, copyright Royal Society of Chemistry).

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/catal12091042

References

  1. Gong, E.; Ali, S.; Hiragond, C.B.; Kim, H.S.; Powar, N.S.; Kim, D.; Kim, H.; In, S.-I. Solar fuels: Research and development strategies to accelerate photocatalytic CO2 conversion into hydrocarbon fuels. Energ Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 880–937.
  2. Din, M.I.; Khalid, R.; Najeeb, J.; Hussain, Z. Fundamentals and photocatalysis of methylene blue dye using various nanocatalytic assemblies- a critical review. J. Clean Prod. 2021, 298, 126567.
  3. Hisatomi, T.; Domen, K. Reaction systems for solar hydrogen production via water splitting with particulate semiconductor photocatalysts. Nat. Catal. 2019, 2, 387–399.
  4. Wei, Z.; Liu, J.; Shangguan, W. A review on photocatalysis in antibiotic wastewater: Pollutant degradation and hydrogen production. Chin. J. Catal. 2020, 41, 1440–1450.
  5. Shafiq, I.; Shafique, S.; Akhter, P.; Abbas, G.; Qurashi, A.; Hussain, M. Efficient catalyst development for deep aerobic photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization: Recent advances, confines, and outlooks. Catal. Rev. 2021, 1–46.
  6. Shafiq, I.; Hussain, M.; Rashid, R.; Shafique, S.; Akhter, P.; Yang, W.; Ahmed, A.; Nawaz, Z.; Park, Y.-K. Development of hierarchically porous LaVO4 for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic desulfurization of diesel. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 420, 130529.
  7. Mahboob, I.; Shafiq, I.; Shafique, S.; Akhter, P.; Amjad, U.-e.-S.; Hussain, M.; Park, Y.-K. Effect of active species scavengers in photocatalytic desulfurization of hydrocracker diesel using mesoporous Ag3VO4. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 441, 136063.
  8. Lei, W.; Suzuki, N.; Terashima, C.; Fujishima, A. Hydrogel photocatalysts for efficient energy conversion and environmental treatment. Front. Energy 2021, 15, 577–595.
  9. Bedia, J.; Muelas-Ramos, V.; Penas-Garzon, M.; Gomez-Aviles, A.; Rodriguez, J.J.; Belver, C. A review on the synthesis and characterization of metal organic frameworks for photocatalytic water purification. Catalysts 2019, 9, 52.
  10. Chen, Y.L.; Bai, X. A review on quantum dots modified g-C3N4-based photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic activity. Catalysts 2020, 10, 142.
  11. Kumaravel, V.; Imam, M.D.; Badreldin, A.; Chava, R.K.; Do, J.Y.; Kang, M.; Abdel-Wahab, A. Photocatalytic hydrogen production: Role of sacrificial reagents on the activity of oxide, carbon, and sulfide catalysts. Catalysts 2019, 9, 276.
  12. Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Tao, Y.; Shen, L.; Xu, Z.; Bian, Z.; Li, H. Challenges of photocatalysis and their coping strategies. Chem. Catal. 2022, 2, 1315–1345.
  13. Yuan, J.; Liu, H.; Wang, S.; Li, X. How to apply metal halide perovskites to photocatalysis: Challenges and development. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 10281–10304.
  14. Wang, H.; Li, X.; Zhao, X.; Li, C.; Song, X.; Zhang, P.; Huo, P.; Li, X. A review on heterogeneous photocatalysis for environmental remediation: From semiconductors to modification strategies. Chin. J. Catal. 2022, 43, 178–214.
  15. Chen, S.; Yin, H.; Liu, P.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, H. Stabilisation and Performance Enhancement Strategies for Halide Perovskite Photocatalysts. Adv. Mater. 2022, e2203836.
  16. Mai, H.; Chen, D.; Tachibana, Y.; Suzuki, H.; Abe, R.; Caruso, R.A. Developing sustainable, high-performance perovskites in photocatalysis: Design strategies and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 13692–13729.
  17. Tasleem, S.; Tahir, M. Current trends in strategies to improve photocatalytic performance of perovskites materials for solar to hydrogen production. Renew. Sustain. Energ Rev. 2020, 132, 110073.
  18. Xu, Z.; Zhu, Q.; Xi, X.; Xing, M.; Zhang, J. Z-scheme CdS/WO3 on a carbon cloth enabling effective hydrogen evolution. Front. Energy 2021, 15, 678–686.
  19. Li, X.; Wang, W.; Dong, F.; Zhang, Z.; Han, L.; Luo, X.; Huang, J.; Feng, Z.; Chen, Z.; Jia, G.; et al. Recent Advances in Noncontact External-Field-Assisted Photocatalysis: From Fundamentals to Applications. ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 4739–4769.
  20. Hu, C.; Tu, S.; Tian, N.; Ma, T.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, H. Photocatalysis Enhanced by External Fields. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 16309–16328.
  21. Sittipol, W.; Sronsri, C.; U-yen, K. Effect of magnetic fields on the efficiency of the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in a dynamic fluid system. J. Clean Prod. 2021, 325, 129284.
  22. Silva, E.C.; Bonacin, J.A.; Passos, R.R.; Pocrifka, L.A. The effect of an external magnetic field on the photocatalytic activity of CoFe2O4 particles anchored in carbon cloth. J. Photoch. Photobio. A 2021, 416, 113317.
  23. Tank, C.M.; Sakhare, Y.S.; Kanhe, N.S.; Nawale, A.B.; Das, A.K.; Bhoraskar, S.V.; Mathe, V.L. Electric field enhanced photocatalytic properties of TiO2 nanoparticles immobilized in porous silicon template. Solid State Sci. 2011, 13, 1500–1504.
  24. Gao, W.; Zhao, X.; Cui, C.; Su, X.; Zhang, S.; Wang, X.; Zhang, X.L.; Sang, Y.; Liu, H. High-efficiency separation and transfer of photo-induced charge carrier in graphene/TiO2 via heterostructure in magnetic field. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 862, 158283.
  25. Bian, Y.; Zheng, G.; Ding, W.; Hu, L.; Sheng, Z. Magnetic field effect on the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange by commercial TiO2 powder. RSC Adv. 2021, 11, 6284–6291.
  26. Zhao, C.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, Z.; Gao, Z.; Weng, H.; Zhang, W.; Li, L.; Song, Y.Y. Insight of the Influence of Magnetic-Field Direction on Magneto-Plasmonic Interfaces for Tuning Photocatalytical Performance of Semiconductors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 9931–9937.
  27. Pan, L.; Ai, M.; Huang, C.; Yin, L.; Liu, X.; Zhang, R.; Wang, S.; Jiang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Zou, J.J.; et al. Manipulating spin polarization of titanium dioxide for efficient photocatalysis. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 418.
  28. Huang, G.; Zhang, G.; Gao, Z.; Cao, J.; Li, D.; Yun, H.; Zeng, T. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity of BiFeO3 via electric-field control of spontaneous polarization. J. Alloys Compd. 2019, 783, 943–951.
  29. Wang, Y.; Wang, S.; Wu, Y.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, H.; Cao, Z.; He, J.; Li, W.; Yang, Z.; Zheng, L.; et al. A α-Fe2O3/rGO magnetic photocatalyst: Enhanced photocatalytic performance regulated by magnetic field. J. Alloys Compd. 2021, 851, 156733.
  30. Lu, Y.; Ren, B.; Chang, S.; Mi, W.; He, J.; Wang, W. Achieving effective control of the photocatalytic performance for CoFe2O4/MoS2 heterojunction via exerting external magnetic fields. Mater. Lett. 2020, 260, 126979.
  31. Huang, H.; Chen, Y.; Shi, H. Boosting Separation of Charge Carriers in 2D/0D BiOBr Nanoflower Sheets/BN Quantum Dots with the Lorentz Force via Magnetic Field. Energ. Fuel 2022.
  32. Zhao, Y.; Huang, Z.; Chang, W.; Wei, C.; Feng, X.; Ma, L.; Qi, X.; Li, Z. Microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of hierarchical TiO2 microspheres for efficient electro-field-assisted-photocatalytic removal of tributyltin in tannery wastewater. Chemosphere 2017, 179, 75–83.
  33. Li, N.; He, M.; Lu, X.; Liang, L.; Li, R.; Yan, B.; Chen, G. Enhanced norfloxacin degradation by visible-light-driven Mn3O4/gamma-MnOOH photocatalysis under weak magnetic field. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 761, 143268.
  34. Wu, Y.; Li, T.; Ren, X.; Fu, Y.; Zhang, H.; Feng, X.; Huang, H.; Xie, R. Magnetic field assisted alpha-Fe2O3/Zn1-xFexO heterojunctions for accelerating antiviral agents degradation under visible-light. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2022, 10, 106990.
  35. Li, Y.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Y.; Kovács, A.; Foo, C.; Dunin-Borkowski, R.E.; Lu, Y.; Taylor, R.A.; Wu, C.; Tsang, S.C.E. Local magnetic spin mismatch promoting photocatalytic overall water splitting with exceptional solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 265–277.
  36. Zhao, X.; Gao, W.; Liu, Q.; Cui, C.; Zhou, W.; Wang, X.; Zhang, X.L.; Zhao, L.; Sang, Y.; Liu, H. Enhanced photo-induced carrier separation of CdS/MoS2 via micro-potential of Mo microsheet derived from electromagnetic induction. Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 404, 126972.
  37. Gao, W.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, S.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, H.; Qin, W.; Zhou, W.; Wang, X.; Liu, H.; et al. Electromagnetic induction derived micro-electric potential in metal-semiconductor core-shell hybrid nanostructure enhancing charge separation for high performance photocatalysis. Nano Energy 2020, 71, 104624.
  38. Pan, H.; Sun, M.; Wang, X.; Zhang, M.; Murugananthan, M.; Zhang, Y. A novel electric-assisted photocatalytic technique using self-doped TiO2 nanotube films. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2022, 307, 121174.
  39. Park, S.; Lee, C.W.; Kang, M.-G.; Kim, S.; Kim, H.J.; Kwon, J.E.; Park, S.Y.; Kang, C.-Y.; Hong, K.S.; Nam, K.T. A ferroelectric photocatalyst for enhancing hydrogen evolution: Polarized particulate suspension. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014, 16, 10408–10413.
  40. Xu, S.C.; Ding, H.L.; Pan, S.S.; Luo, Y.Y.; Li, G.H. Electric-Field-Enhanced Photocatalytic Removal of Cr(VI) under Sunlight of TiO2 Nanograss Mesh with Nondestructive Regeneration and Feasible Collection for Cr(III). Acs Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2016, 4, 6887–6893.
  41. Li, S.; Bai, L.; Ji, N.; Yu, S.; Lin, S.; Tian, N.; Huang, H. Ferroelectric polarization and thin-layered structure synergistically promoting CO2 photoreduction of Bi2MoO6. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 9268–9277.
  42. Zhao, Z.; Wang, D.; Gao, R.; Wen, G.; Feng, M.; Song, G.; Zhu, J.; Luo, D.; Tan, H.; Ge, X.; et al. Magnetic-Field-Stimulated Efficient Photocatalytic N2 Fixation over Defective BaTiO3 Perovskites. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 11910–11918.
  43. Gao, W.; Lu, J.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Z.; Qin, W.; Wang, J.; Zhou, W.; Liu, H.; Sang, Y. Suppressing Photoinduced Charge Recombination via the Lorentz Force in a Photocatalytic System. Adv. Sci. 2019, 6, 1901244.
  44. Zhao, J.; Li, N.; Yu, R.; Zhao, Z.; Nan, J. Magnetic field enhanced denitrification in nitrate and ammonia contaminated water under 3D/2D Mn2O3/g-C3N4 photocatalysis. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 349, 530–538.
  45. Peng, C.; Fan, W.; Li, Q.; Han, W.; Chen, X.; Zhang, G.; Yan, Y.; Gu, Q.; Wang, C.; Zhang, H.; et al. Boosting photocatalytic activity through tuning electron spin states and external magnetic fields. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2022, 115, 208–220.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback