List of Text Corpora: History
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Text corpora (singular: text corpus) are large and structured sets of texts, which have been systematically collected. Text corpora are used by corpus linguists and within other branches of linguistics for statistical analysis, hypothesis testing, finding patterns of language use, investigating language change and variation, and teaching language proficiency.

  • language change
  • corpus
  • linguistics

1. English Language

  • American National Corpus
  • Bank of English
  • British National Corpus
  • Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT)
  • Brown Corpus, forming part of the "Brown Family" of corpora, together with LOB, Frown and F-LOB
  • Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) 425 million words, 1990–2011. Freely searchable online
  • Corpus Resource Database (CoRD), more than 80 English language corpora.[1]
  • Coruña Corpus, a corpus of late Modern English scientific writing covering the period 1700–1900, developed by the Muste research group at the University of A Coruña
  • GUM corpus, the open source Georgetown University Multilayer corpus, with very many annotation layers
  • Google Books Ngram Corpus[2][3]
  • International Corpus of English
  • Oxford English Corpus
  • RE3D (Relationship and Entity Extraction Evaluation Dataset)
  • Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English
  • Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech

2. European Languages

  • CETENFolha
  • The Corpus of Electronic Texts
  • Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum (CIIC), covering Primitive Irish inscriptions in Ogham
  • Google Books Ngram Corpus
  • The Georgian Language Corpus
  • Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (Ancient Greek)
  • Eastern Armenian National Corpus (EANC) 110 million words. Freely searchable online.
  • Spanish text corpus by Molino de Ideas, which contains 660 million words.[4]
  • CorALit: the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian Academic texts published in 1999–2009 (approx. 9 million words). Compiled at the University of Vilnius, Lithuania[5]
  • Reference Corpus of Contemporary Portuguese (CRPC)
  • Turkish National Corpus[6]
  • CoRoLa - The Reference Corpus of the Contemporary Romanian Language (Corpus reprezentativ al limbii române contemporane )
  • TS Corpus - A large set of Turkish corpora. TS Corpus is a Free&Independent Project that aims to build Turkish corpora, NLP tools and linguistic datasets...
  • MacMorpho - an annotated corpus of Brazilian Portuguese text

2.1. Slavic

East Slavic

  • Belarusian N-korpus
  • Russian National Corpus
  • General Internet Corpus of Russian
  • General regionally annotated corpus of Ukrainian
  • Ukrainian Language Corpus
  • Araneum Russicum
  • Russian Corpus of Biographical Texts[7]
  • RuTweetCorp[8]
  • RusAge: Corpus for Age-Based Text Classification

South Slavic

  • Bulgarian National Corpus[9]
  • Macedonian Electronic Corpus[10]
  • Croatian Language Corpus
  • Croatian National Corpus
  • Slovenian National Corpus

West Slavic

  • Czech National Corpus[11]
  • National Corpus of Polish

2.2. German

  • German Reference Corpus (DeReKo) More than 4 billion words of contemporary written German.
  • Free corpus of German mistakes from people with dyslexia

3. Middle Eastern Languages

  • Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum
  • Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften
  • Hamshahri Corpus (Persian)
  • Persian in MULTEXT-EAST corpus (Persian)[12]
  • Amarna letters, (for Akkadian, Egyptian, Sumerogram's, etc.)
  • TEP: Tehran English-Persian Parallel Corpus[13]
  • TMC: Tehran Monolingual Corpus, Standard corpus for Persian Language Modeling[13]
  • PTC: Persian Today Corpus: The Most Frequent Words of Today Persian, based on a one-million-word corpus (in Persian: Vāže-hā-ye Porkārbord-e Fārsi-ye Emrūz), Hamid Hassani, Tehran, Iran Language Institute (ILI), 2005, 322 pp. ISBN:964-8699-32-1
  • Kurdish-corpus.uok.ac.ir (Kurdish-corpus Sorani dialect) University of Kurdistan, Department of English Language and Linguistics
  • Bijankhan Corpus A Contemporary Persian Corpus for NLP researches, University of Tehran, 2012
  • Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project
  • Quranic Arabic Corpus (Classical Arabic)
  • Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
  • Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
  • Asosoft text corpus[14] – Central Kurdish (Sorani)

4. Devanagari

  • Nepali Text Corpus (90+ million running words/6.5+ million sentences)

5. East Asian Languages

  • Kotonoha Japanese language corpus[15]
  • LIVAC Synchronous Corpus (Chinese)

6. South Asian Languages

  • SinMin dataset[16] (Sinhala)

7. Parallel Corpora of Diverse Languages

  • Chinese/English Political Interpreting Corpus (CEPIC) [17][18] consists of transcripts of speeches delivered by top political figures from Hong Kong, Beijing, Washington DC and London, as well as their translated/interpreted texts. Developed by Jun Pan and HKBU Library.
  • Europarl Corpus - proceedings of the European Parliament from 1996 to 2012
  • EUR-Lex corpus - collection of all official languages of the European Union, created from the EUR-Lex database[19]
  • OPUS: Open source Parallel Corpus in many many languages[20]
  • Tatoeba A parallel corpus which contains over 8.9 million sentences in multiple languages; 107 languages have more than 1,000 sentences each; a further 81 languages have from 100 to 1,000 sentences each.[21]
  • NTU-Multilingual Corpus in 7 languages (ara, eng, ind, jpn, kor, mcn, vie)[22] (legacy repo)
  • SeedLing corpus - A Seed Corpus for the Human Language Project with 1000+ languages from various sources.[23]
  • GRALIS parallel texts for various Slavic languages, compiled by the institute for Slavic languages at Graz University (Branko Tošović et al.)
  • The ACTRES Parallel Corpus (P-ACTRES 2.0) is a bidirectional English-Spanish corpus consisting of original texts in one language and their translation into the other. P-ACTRES 2.0 contains over 6 million words considering both directions together.[24]

8. Comparable Corpora

  • Corpus of Political Speeches contains four collections of political speeches in English and Chinese from The Corpus of U.S. Presidential Speeches (1789–2015), The Corpus of Policy Address by Hong Kong Governors (1984–1996) and Hong Kong Chief Executives (1997–2014), The Corpus of Speeches given on New Year's days and Double Tenth days by Taiwan Presidents (1978–2014), and The Corpus of Report on the Work of the Government by Premiers of the People's Republic of China (1984–2013). Developed by HKBU Library.
  • WaCky - The Web-As-Corpus Kool Yinitiative Web as Corpus (eng, fre, deu, ita)
  • Disambiguating Similar Language Corpora Collection (DSLCC)[25] (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Indonesian, Malay, Czech, Slovak, Brazilian Portuguese, European Portuguese, Peninsular Spanish, Argentine Spanish)
  • Wikipedia Comparable Corpora (41 million aligned Wikipedia articles for 253 language pairs)
  • The TenTen Corpus Family – comparable web corpora of target size 10 billion words. These corpora are available in the corpus management system Sketch Engine, currently, there exist TenTen corpora for more than 30 languages (such as English TenTen corpus,[26] Arabic TenTen corpus,[27] Spanish TenTen corpus,[28] Russian Tenten corpus,[29][30]). The overview of existing TenTen corpora can be found at https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/documentation/tenten-corpora/
  • Timestamped JSI web corpora – web corpora of news articles crawled from a list of RSS feeds. Newsfeed corpora are being prepared in the framework of the project implemented by the Jožef Stefan Institute at Slovenian scientific research institute.[31] and published in Sketch Engine. More information about the project is on the project websites.

9. L2 (English) Corpora

  • Cambridge Learner Corpus[32]
  • Corpus of Academic Written and Spoken English (CAWSE),[33] a collection of Chinese students’ English language samples in academic settings. Freely downloadable online.  
  • English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Settings (ELFA),[34] an academic ELF corpus.[35][36]
  • International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE),[37] a corpus of learner written English.
  • Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage (LINDSEI),[38] a corpus of learner spoken English.
  • Trinity Lancaster Corpus, one of the largest corpus of L2 spoken English.[39][40]
  • University of Pittsburgh English Language Institute Corpus (PELIC)[41]
  • Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE),[42] an ELF corpus.[35]

The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Social:List_of_text_corpora

References

  1. "Corpus Resource Database (CoRD)". Department of English, University of Helsinki. http://www.helsinki.fi/varieng/CoRD/corpora/. 
  2. Professor Mark Davies at BYU created an online tool to search Google's English language corpus, drawn from Google Books, at http://googlebooks.byu.edu/x.asp.
  3. "PhraseFinder". http://phrasefinder.io/.  A search engine for the Google Books Ngram Corpus that supports wildcard queries and offers an API.
  4. (in Spanish) "Molinolabs - corpus". molinolabs.com. http://www.molinolabs.com/corpus.html. 
  5. "CorALit – CorALit - Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstynas". coralit.lt. http://coralit.lt/en/node/18. 
  6. "Turkish National Corpus - Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi - Homepage". tnc.org.tr. http://www.tnc.org.tr. 
  7. Glazkova, A (2020). "Topical Classification of Text Fragments Accounting for Their Nearest Context". Automation and Remote Control 81 (12): 2262–2276. doi:10.1134/S0005117920120097. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348432654. 
  8. Rubtsova, Yu (2015). "Constructing a corpus for sentiment classification training". Software & Systems 1: 72–78. doi:10.15827/0236-235X.109.072-078. http://www.swsys.ru/index.php?page=article&id=3962&lang=&lang=en. 
  9. "Under Update". search.dcl.bas.bg. http://search.dcl.bas.bg. 
  10. "Електронски корупус на македонски книжевни текстови". http://drmj.manu.edu.mk/%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%82%d1%80%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%ba%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bf%d1%83%d1%81-%d0%bd%d0%b0-%d0%bc%d0%b0%d0%ba%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d0%ba%d0%bd%d0%b8/. 
  11. "Portál | Český národní korpus". http://korpus.cz/. 
  12. Zdravkova, Katrina; Tufiş, Dan; Simov, Kiril; Radziszewski, Adam; Qasemizadeh, Behrang; Priest-Dorman, Greg; Petkevič, Vladimír; Oravecz, Csaba et al. (2010-05-14). "Available from CLARIN". http://nl.ijs.si/me/v4/. https://www.clarin.si/repository/xmlui/handle/11356/1043. 
  13. "University of Tehran NLP Lab". ece.ut.ac.ir. http://ece.ut.ac.ir/nlp/. 
  14. Hadi Veisi, Mohammad MohammadAmini, Hawre Hosseini; Toward Kurdish language processing: Experiments in collecting and processing the AsoSoft text corpus, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, fqy074, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqy074
  15. "KOTONOHA「現代日本語書き言葉均衡コーパス」 少納言". kotonoha.gr.jp. http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/. 
  16. D. Upeksha, C. Wijayarathna, M. Siriwardena, L. Lasandun, C. Wimalasuriya, N. de Silva, and G. Dias . 2015. Implementing a Corpus for Sinhala Language. In Symposium on Language Technology for South Asia. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306264442_Implementing_a_Corpus_for_Sinhala_Language
  17. Pan, Jun (2019). "The Chinese/English Political Interpreting Corpus (CEPIC). Hong Kong Baptist University Library". https://digital.lib.hkbu.edu.hk/cepic/. 
  18. Pan, Jun (2019-10-30). "The Chinese/English Political Interpreting Corpus (CEPIC): A New Electronic Resource for Translators and Interpreters". Proceedings of the Second Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology associated with RANLP 2019 (Incoma Ltd., Shoumen, Bulgaria). doi:10.26615/issn.2683-0078.2019_010. http://dx.doi.org/10.26615/issn.2683-0078.2019_010. 
  19. "EUR-Lex Corpus". sketchengine.co.uk. 2 June 2016. https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/eurlex-corpus/. 
  20. "OPUS - an open source parallel corpus". opus.lingfil.uu.se. http://opus.lingfil.uu.se/. 
  21. "Tatoeba - Number of sentences per language". tatoeba.org. http://tatoeba.org/eng/stats/sentences_by_language. 
  22. Liling Tan and Francis Bond (14 May 2012). "Building and Annotating the Linguistically Diverse NTU-MC (NTU — Multilingual Corpus)". International Journal of Asian Language Processing 22 (4): 161–174. http://www.colips.org/journal/volume22/22.4.2.NTU-MC%20Tan%20final.pdf. Retrieved 12 January 2014. 
  23. Guy Emerson, Liling Tan, Susanne Fertmann, Alexis Palmer and Michaela Regneri . 2014. SeedLing: Building and using a seed corpus for the Human Language Project. In Proceedings of the use of Computational methods in the study of Endangered Languages (ComputEL) Workshop. Baltimore, USA. http://anthology.aclweb.org/W/W14/W14-22.pdf#page=87
  24. H. Sanjurjo-González and M. Izquierdo. 2019. P-ACTRES 2.0: A parallel corpus for cross-linguistic research. In Parallel Corpora for Contrastive and Translation Studies: New resources and applications (pp. 215-231). John Benjamins Publishing. https://benjamins.com/catalog/scl.90.13san
  25. Liling Tan, Marcos Zampieri, Nikola Ljubešic, and Jörg Tiedemann. Merging comparable data sources for the discrimination of similar languages: The DSL corpus collection. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora (BUCC). 2014. http://comparable.limsi.fr/bucc2014/4.pdf
  26. Kilgarriff, Adam (2012). "Getting to Know Your Corpus". Text, Speech and Dialogue. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 7499. pp. 3–15. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32790-2_1. ISBN 978-3-642-32789-6.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-32790-2_1
  27. Belinkov, Y., Habash, N., Kilgarriff, A., Ordan, N., Roth, R., & Suchomel, V. (2013). arTen-Ten: a new, vast corpus for Arabic. Proceedings of WACL. https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/arTenTen_corpus_for_Arabic_2013.pdf
  28. Kilgarriff, A., & Renau, I. (2013). esTenTen, a vast web corpus of Peninsular and American Spanish. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 95, 12-19. https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/esTenTen_web_corpus_of_Peninsular_and_American_Spanish_2013.pdf
  29. Хохлова, М. В. (2016). Обзор больших русскоязычных корпусов текстов. In Материалы научной конференции" Интернет и современное общество" (pp. 74-77). http://openbooks.ifmo.ru/ru/file/4106/4106.pdf
  30. Khokhlova, M. (2016). Comparison of High-Frequency Nouns from the Perspective of Large Corpora. RASLAN 2016 Recent Advances in Slavonic Natural Language Processing, 9. https://nlp.fi.muni.cz/raslan/raslan16.pdf#page=17
  31. Trampuš, M., & Novak, B. (2012, October). Internals of an aggregated web news feed. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Information Science Conference IS SiKDD 2012 (pp. 431-434) http://ailab.ijs.si/dunja/SiKDD2012/Papers/Trampus_Newsfeed.pdf
  32. "Cambridge English Corpus" (in en), Wikipedia, 2019-09-27, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_English_Corpus&oldid=918173927, retrieved 2020-01-07 
  33. "CAWSE Corpus - The University of Nottingham Ningbo China - 宁波诺丁汉大学". https://www.nottingham.edu.cn/en/education-and-english/research/cawse/cawse-corpus.aspx. 
  34. "English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Settings" (in en). 2018-03-23. https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/english-as-a-lingua-franca-in-academic-settings. 
  35. "English as a lingua franca" (in en), Wikipedia, 2019-12-14, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_as_a_lingua_franca&oldid=930727312, retrieved 2020-01-07 
  36. Mauranen, A (2010). "English as an academic lingua franca: The ELFA project". English for Specific Purposes 29 (3): 183–190. doi:10.1016/j.esp.2009.10.001.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.esp.2009.10.001
  37. "ICLE" (in en). https://uclouvain.be/en/research-institutes/ilc/cecl/icle.html. 
  38. "LINDSEI" (in fr). https://uclouvain.be/fr/node/11968. 
  39. "Trinity Lancaster Corpus | ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science (CASS)" (in en-US). http://cass.lancs.ac.uk/trinity-lancaster-corpus/. 
  40. Gablasova, D (2019). "The Trinity Lancaster Corpus: Development, Description and Application.". International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 5 (2): 126–158. doi:10.1075/ijlcr.19001.gab.  https://dx.doi.org/10.1075%2Fijlcr.19001.gab
  41. Juffs, A., Han, N-R., & Naismith, B. (2020). The University of Pittsburgh English Language Corpus (PELIC) [Data set]. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3991977
  42. "Project". https://www.univie.ac.at/voice/page/index.php. 
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