Sustainable and green activities can help improve enterprises’ environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance, which has been proved by some scholars from an empirical perspective. For example, Husted et al. [5] use ESG data of 459 enterprises from nine countries to analyze and find that sustainable governance can improve ESG performance. Wang et al. [6] conduct an annual observation sample study of 1980 enterprises from the top 500 green companies in the United States from 2009 to 2013 and point out that green activities of enterprises had significant effects on their social responsibility fulfillment and financial performance improvement. Yang et al. [7] confirmed that clean energy, green finance, and economic development are important and positive signs for sustainable practices based on G7 sustainable economies from 2010 to 2018. Tan et al. [8] investigated the impact of ESG rating on enterprise green innovation based on data related to Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2018, and showed that ESG rating can significantly promote the quantity and quality of enterprise green innovation.

Based on the ESG concepts and measures proposed by the above achievements, green production and operation activities from the perspective of supply chain can well achieve the goal of balancing economic growth and environmental protection. In 1996, scholars from Michigan State University proposed the embryonic form of green supply chain management theory. Subsequently, some scholars put forward the idea that green supply chain management is sustainable and ecological management [9,10,11]. Nagel [12] showed that green procurement is an extremely important driving factor in green supply chain management, and environmental awareness should penetrate every link of the supply chain. Hall et al. [13] believed that green supply chain management is an effective way for enterprises to bear environmental pressure and put environmental innovation concept through the whole supply chain process, to realize environmental protection. Zsidisin et al. [14] researched how green supply chain management integrates green environmental awareness into the whole process of product manufacturing and recycling to carry out environmental management. Tachizawa et al. [15] explored how green supply chain management can improve environmental benefits and maximize resource utilization as the goal. Rahmani et al. [16] defined green supply chain management as considering the necessity of environment and paying attention to ecological benefits in product design, material supply, processing, transportation, and product recycling and reuse interaction. Nekmahmud et al. [17] systematically combed the literatures about green supply chain management and identify the obstacles and key factors of implementing green supply chain management. Hariharasudan et al. [18] assessed how green supply chain management is still the focus of scholars’ attention and plays an important role in changing environmental issues. Astawa et al. [19] discovered that the practice of green supply chain management has positive impact on the performance and competitive advantage of five-star hotels by conducting analysis of 145 respondents. Kot et al. [20] investigated the supply chain management practices of 613 small and medium-sized enterprises around the world, and found that environmental and social sustainability are the shutdown factors that can affect supply chain management performance. The above scholars published their research on green supply chain management from different industries and perspectives, and some scholars discuss the operation management of green supply chain from the perspective of manufacturers’ green R&D activities and consumers’ participation. For example, Liu et al. [21] studied whether suppliers invest in carbon emission reduction and establish a decision-making model for green agricultural supply chain. The results showed that cooperation between manufacturers and retailers can achieve the goal of protecting environment and members’ profits. Ma et al. [22] believed that green supply chain management is an environmental management mode to attract consumers to carry out green consumption through manufacturers’ green emission reduction technologies, thus alleviating the global environmental crisis. Zhu et al. [23] studied the design and development of green products in competitive environment and found that price competition can make the greenness of products increase and promote green R&D activities. Hong et al. [24] discussed the design and development of green products in a two-echelon supply chain by taking consumer reference behavior as a reference point, and the results showed that consumers’ green awareness play a positive role on green R&D.

In order to encourage enterprises to improve green technology investment level and promote sustainable economic development, the government can provide green subsidy and standard for enterprises’ technology investment [25,26], which can motivate members and consumers in the supply chain to obtain more benefits and improve their enthusiasm to fulfill social responsibilities [27]. Yang et al. [28] analyzed the impact of government subsidy on technological innovation of competitive enterprises and found that government subsidy can alleviate the prisoner’s dilemma between the two competitive enterprises and improve their profits. Gao et al. [29] assessed the improvement of green R&D technology and how it can continuously improve the environmental benefits of development-intensive green products considering government sets green standards. Xue et al. [30] analyzed the decision making of the green supply chain with energy-saving products, and they found that the government subsidy is positively correlated with the energy-saving level, product price and market demand, which could significantly improve social welfare and promote the improvement of energy-saving products. Li et al. [31] investigated the impact of government subsidy on the innovation level of secondary supply chain, and the results showed that consumer subsidy is more effective than producer subsidy in promoting innovation investment. Ma et al. [22] considered that under government intervention, manufacturers invest in green emission reduction technology to reduce carbon emissions, and retailers invest in information technology to deliver green quality of products to consumers. This study also shows that higher emission reduction subsidy encourages investment in green emission reduction technology and makes all members’ profits increase. Chen et al. [32] researched the impact of government subsidy policies on collaborative innovation in a two-layer supply chain, and found that government subsidy helps improve innovation efficiency. In addition, other scholars discussed the limited government budget and sufficient government budget [33,34], the government’s subsidy scheme for green technology in competitive manufacturing [35], the different channel structure with government subsidy [36], the government’s subsidy to supply chain members through linear subsidy and fixed subsidy [37], how the government allocates special subsidies between consumers and manufacturers [38,39], etc., to subsidize members in supply chain and carry out green R&D and production management.

2. 平台供应链管理