The 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets have unique and complementary properties to those of graphene, rendering them ideal electrode materials that could potentially lead to significant benefits in many electrochemical applications. These properties include tunable bandgaps, large surface areas, relatively high electron mobilities, and good optical and catalytic characteristics.
-electrons, which can also effectively modulate the band structures of the material [30]. Most metal-based NSs have good stability and are resistant to environmental deterioration and oxidation, which make them ideal for the fabrication of nanocomposites. However, it is worth noting that the structures and properties of nanocomposites are dependent on the conditions of the composite synthesis and the control of the decorated location, morphology, and number density of the NSs [31]. Recently, metal and metal oxide nanocomposites have received a great deal of attention because of their excellent physical and chemical properties, which expanded their application in sensors [20][31], electrocatalysis [32][33], and optoelectronics [34]. Thus, it can be expected that 2D MoS2 nanosheets decorated with metal-based NSs could potentially extend their applications as novel nanomaterials in sensors. For instance, 2D MoS2 functionalized with metal and metal oxide NSs, such as nickel (Ni) [35], gold (Au) [36], and tricobalt tetraoxide (Co3O4) [37], to name a few, was reported to exhibit excellent catalytic sensing properties. The MoS2-Ni nanocomposite demonstrated good reproducibility and excellent sensitivity toward glucose detection. The reported results showed that small Ni nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of the MoS2 nanosheet had more active sites, resulting in high electrocatalytic activity and a fast response time of less than 2 s. In addition, it was discovered that Ni NPs without MoS2 support appeared to aggregate, which was detrimental to the electrocatalytic activity of the sensor [35]. The MoS2-Co3O4 nanocomposites showed high sensitivity and fast response and recovery features for the detection of ammonia at room temperature. The sensing film was constructed on an interdigital electrode substrate using layer-by-layer self-assembly of MoS2 nanosheets and Co3O4 nanorods. The layer-by-layer self-assembly not only efficiently prevented agglomeration but also provided many more active catalytic sites on p-type Co3O4 nanorods toward ammonia. The results indicated that the fundamental sensing mechanisms of the MoS2-Co3O4 nanocomposite towards ammonia were attributed to the layered nanostructure, synergistic effects, and p-n heterojunction depletion layer formed at the interface of n-type MoS2 and p-type Co3O4 [37]. These 2D-MoS2/metal-NSs composite sensor films showed significant improvements in sensitivity in comparison with the 2D MoS2 and metal/metal oxide nanostructure counterparts, suggesting that the large surface areas, high conductivity, and improved biocompatibility played significant roles in the resulting sensing outcome. Su et al. [10], also reported that MoS2 stabilizes metallic NPs, such as platinum (Pt), Au, silver (Ag), and lead (Pd) to form hierarchical nanocomposites, and such 2D-MoS2/metal-NSs composites possess the essential properties of pure metal NPs and MoS2 nanosheets due to their synergistic effects, making the 2D MoS2 and metal/metal oxide nanostructured composites exhibit excellent electrochemical properties for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors [13].
MoS2-NS Composites |
Method of Functionalization |
Metal and Metal Oxides Structural Morphology |
Size (Diameter) |
Type of Sensor |
Ref. |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ex situ functionalization |
MoS2-Au |
Post immobilization |
Nanoparticles |
5 nm |
Electrochemical biosensor |
[65] |
TTR-MoS2-Au |
Post immobilization |
Nanocrystals |
- |
Photoelectrochemical immunosensor |
[76] |
|
MoS2-PEI-Au |
Post immobilization |
Nanoparticles |
12 nm |
Electrochemiluminescence immunosensor |
[77] |
|
CuO-MoS2 |
Post immobilization |
Nanotubes |
20 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[78] |
|
In situ functionalization |
MoS2-Au |
Electrodeposition |
Nanoparticles |
10 m |
Electrochemical aptasensor |
[13] |
MoS2-MWCNT/Au |
Electrodeposition |
Nanoparticles |
3–5 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[79] |
|
MoS2-Au/Pt |
Electrodeposition |
Nanoparticles |
100 nm |
Electrochemical biosensor |
[80] |
|
Cu-MoS2 |
Electrodeposition |
Nanoflowers |
- |
Electrochemical biosensor |
[81] |
|
ZnO-MoS2 |
Electrodeposition |
Nanosheets |
50 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[82] |
|
Ni-MoS2-Naf |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
6 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[35] |
|
Au-MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
80 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[83] |
|
N/F/MoS2-Ag |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
3 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[84] |
|
Au-Pd/MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
- |
Electrochemical sensor |
[85] |
|
TiO2-MoS2-Au |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
5–10 nm |
Photoelectrochemical aptasensor |
[86] |
|
Pt-MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
2.5 nm |
Electrochemical biosensor |
[87] |
|
PtNi-MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
1.35–6.26 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[88] |
|
Cu2O-MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
6–18 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[89] |
|
PtW-MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanocubes |
10 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[90] |
|
Pd–MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
- |
Electrochemical aptasensor |
[91] |
|
PtPd-MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanocubes |
50 nm |
Electrochemical immunosensor |
[92] |
|
Pt-MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
- |
Electrochemical sensor |
[93] |
|
Ag-MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoparticles |
5 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[94] |
|
MoS2-Pt |
Chemical reduction |
Clover-like nanoparticles |
15.3–2 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[95] |
|
Au−Pd−Pt/MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanoflowers |
14–26 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[96] |
|
PdNi-MoS2 |
Chemical reduction |
Nanowires |
0.5–3 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[97] |
|
MoS2-Cu2O-Au |
Hydrothermal reaction |
Nanocrystals |
20–30 nm |
Electrochemical immunosensor |
[98] |
|
NiO-MoS2 |
Hydrothermal reaction |
Nanoparticles |
38–72 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[99] |
|
Fe2O3-MoS2 |
Hydrothermal reaction |
Nanoflowers |
- |
Electrochemical sensor |
[100] |
|
Fe3O4-MoS2 |
Hydrothermal reaction |
Nanospheres |
20–30 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[101] |
|
MoS2-TiO2 |
Hydrothermal reaction |
Nanorods |
20 nm |
Photoelectrochemical biosensing |
[102] |
|
Ag/MoS2@Fe3O4 |
Hydrothermal reaction |
Nanospheres |
50 nm |
Electrochemical immunosensor |
[103] |
|
MoS2-Cu2O/Pt |
Solvothermal reaction |
Nanoparticles |
15 and 3 nm |
Electrochemical immunosensor |
[66] |
|
Cu-MoS2-Naf |
Solvothermal reaction |
Nanoparticles |
1–5 nm |
Electrochemical sensor |
[104] |
|
NiCo2O4-MoS2 |
Solvothermal reaction |
Nanorods |
- |
Electrochemical sensor |
[105] |
TTR; transthyretin, PEI; polyethylenimine, CuO; copper oxide, MWCNT; multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Cu2O; cuprous oxide, Cu; copper, ZnO; zinc oxide, Naf; Nafion, N/F; nitrogen fluorine, TiO2; titanium dioxide, PtW; platinum/tungsten, NiO; nickel oxide, Fe2O3, Fe3O4; iron (II, III) oxide, NiCo2O4; nickel cobaltite.
Sensor |
Analyte |
Electrochemical Method |
Linear Range |
LOD |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Au-MoS2/GCE |
ATP Thrombin |
SWV |
1 nM–10 mM 0.01 nM–10 µM |
0.32 nM 0.0014 nM |
[13] |
GCE/Ni-MoS2/Naf |
Glucose |
Amperometry |
0–4 mM |
0.31 M |
[35] |
MoS2/Au/GOx |
Glucose |
Amperometry |
0.25–13.2 mM |
0.042 µM |
[65] |
CuO/MoS2/GCE |
Glucose |
Amperometry |
35–800 μM |
0.017 μM |
[78] |
MoS2−Au/Pt@GCE |
H2O2 |
Amperometry |
10 μM–19.07 mM |
0.39 μM |
[80] |
Cu-MoS2/GCE |
H2O2 glucose |
Amperometry |
0.04–35.6 μM 1–70 μM |
0.021 μM 0.32 μM |
[81] |
ZnO/MoS2/GCE |
DNA |
DPV |
1.0 fM–1.0 µM |
0.66 fM |
[82] |
Au@MoS2/GCE |
AA DA UA |
DPV |
20–300 µmol/L 5–200 µmol/L 20–400 µmol/L |
3.0 µmol/L 1.0 µmol/L 5.0 µmol/L |
[83] |
Au-Pd/MoS2/GCE |
H2O2 Glucose |
DPV Amperometry |
0.8 µM–10 Mm 0.5–20 mM |
0.16 µM 0.40 mM |
[85] |
Pt-MoS2/GCE |
H2O2 |
Amperometry |
0.004–48.5 mM |
0.001 mM |
[87] |
PtNi@MoS2/GCE |
DA UA |
DPV |
0.5–250 µM 0.5–1800 µM |
0.1 µM 0.1 µM |
[88] |
Cu2O/MoS2/GCE |
Glucose |
Amperometry |
0.01–4.0 mM |
1.0 µM |
[89] |
PtW/MoS2/GCE |
H2O2 |
Chronoamperometry |
1 μM–0.2 mM |
5 nM |
[90] |
Pd/PDDA–G–MoS2/GCE |
TB |
DPV |
0.0001–40 nM |
0.062 pM |
[91] |
PtNPs@MoS2/GCE |
DA UA |
DPV |
0.5–150 μmol/L 5–1000 μmol/L |
0.12 μmol/L 0.8 μmol/L |
[93] |
Ag@MoS2/GCE |
DA |
DPV |
1−500 μM |
0.2 μM |
[94] |
MoS2-CPtNPs/GCE |
DA UA |
DPV |
5–200 µΜ 20–500 μM |
0.39 μM 1.8 μM |
[95] |
Laminin/Au−Pd−Pt/MoS2/SPCE |
H2O2 |
Amperometry |
1–100 nM |
0.3 nM |
[96] |
NiO/MoS2/GCE |
Glucose |
Amperometry |
0.01–10 mM |
1.62 μM |
[99] |
GCE/Cu-MoS2/Nafion |
Glucose |
Amperometry |
0–4 mM |
- |
[104] |
NiCo2O4-MoS2/chitosan/GCE |
Glucose |
Amperometry |
0.0007–13.78 mM |
0.23 µM |
[105] |
MoS2-PPY-AuNPs/GCE |
Glucose |
DPV |
0.1–80 nM |
0.08 nM |
[128] |
AuNPs@MoS2/GCE |
miRNA-21 |
DPV |
10 fM–1 nM |
0.78 fM |
[129] |
Chox/MoS2-AuNPs/GCE |
Cholesterol |
Amperometry |
0.5–48 μM |
0.26 ± 0.015 μM |
[130] |
MoS2-Au-PEI-hemin |
Clenbuterol (CLB) |
DPV |
10 ng/mL–2 μg/mL |
1.92 ng/mL |
[131] |
NF/AuNPs/CuO-MoS2 |
Glucose |
Chronoamperometry |
0.5 μM–5.67 mΜ |
0.5 μM |
[132] |
MCH/dsDNA/MoS2-AuNPs/GCE |
T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK) |
SWV |
0.001–10 U/mL |
2.18 × 10−4 U/mL |
[133] |
miRNA/MCH/SH-RNA/AuNPs-MoS2/FTO |
MicroRNA-155 |
DPV |
1 fM–10 nM |
0.32 fM |
[134] |
ATP; triphosphate, DA; dopamine, DNA; deoxyribonucleic acid, DPV; differential pulse voltammetry, SWV; square Wave Voltammetry, PDDA–G; poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)–graphene, TB; thrombin, CPtNPs; Clover-like platinum nanoparticle, PPY; polypyrrole, miRNA-21; microribonucleic acid-21, Chox; cholesterol oxidase, NF; Nafion, MCH; 6-mercaptohexanol, FTO; fluorine doped tin oxide.
Sensor |
Analyte |
Electrochemical Method |
Linear Range |
LOD |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MoS2@Cu2O-Pt/Ab2 |
hepatitis B antigen |
Amperometry |
0.5 pg/mL–200 ng/mL |
0.15 pg/mL |
[66] |
BSA/anti-HBs/PtPd NCs@MoS2/ GCE |
Hepatitis B antigen |
DPV |
32 fg/mL–100 ng/mL |
10.2 fg/mL |
[92] |
MoS2@Cu2O-Au-Ab2 |
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) |
Amperometry |
0.1 pg/mL–50 ng/mL |
0.037 pg/mL |
[98] |
Ab2-Ag/MoS2@Fe3O4/MGCE |
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
DPV |
0.0001–20 ng/mL |
0.03 pg/mL |
[103] |
HRP/HRP-anti-CEA/MoS2-AuNPs |
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
DPV |
10 fg/mL–1 ng/mL |
1.2 fg/mL |
[142] |
GCE/MoS2-Au-Ab1 |
CEA |
DPV |
1 pg/mL–50 ng/mL |
0.27 pg/mL |
[143] |
Pd NPs@MoS2/NiCo |
Procalcitonin |
Chronoamperometry |
0.001–50 ng/mL |
0.36 pg/mL |
[144] |
Au-MoS2/ITO |
Triiodothyronine (T3) |
EIS |
0.01–100 ng/mL |
2.5 pg/mL |
[145] |
Cu-MoS2/GCE |
3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), |
EIS |
0–6 µg/mL |
3.8 µM |
[146] |
Tac/BSA/Ab/PS-AuNRs@L-Cys-MoS2/GCE |
Tacrolimus (Tac) |
DPV |
1.0–30 ng/mL |
0.17 ng/mL |
[147] |
Ab1; primary antibody, Ab2; secondary antibody, HBs Ag; Hepatitis B surface antigen, BSA; bovine serum albumin, ITO; indium tin oxide, L-Cys; L-cysteine, PS-AuNRs; polystyrene-gold nanorods.
Sensor |
Analyte |
Linear Range |
LOD |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
TTR/AuCNs/MoS2/GCE |
Tetrabromobisphenol A |
0.1 nM−1.0 µM. |
0.045 nM |
[76] |
BSA|aptamer|TiO2-MoS2-AuNP|ITO |
kanamycin |
0.2 nM−450 nM |
0.05 nM |
[86] |
GOx|MoS2-TiO2|ITO |
Glucose |
0.1−10.5 mM |
0.015 mM |
[102] |
MoS2-ZnO|ITO |
Propyl gallate |
0.1249−1643 μmol/L |
1.2 × 10−8 mol/L |
[157] |
Au/MoS2/TiO2 |
Glucose |
5−1000 μM |
1.3 nM |
[158] |
Pro-GRP-MIP/AuNPs/2D-MoS2/GCE |
Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (Pro-GRP) |
0.02–5 ng/mL |
0.0032 ng/mL |
[159] |
Au-MoS2/FTO |
anti-human IgG |
41.7 nM–4.17 μM |
4.17 nM |
[160] |
ITO/MTiO2-AuNPs-MoS2-GOx |
Glucose |
0.004–1.75 mM |
1.2 μM |
[161] |
biotin DNA/MoS2-AuNPs/ITO |
miRNA |
10 fM–1 nM |
4.21 fM |
[162] |
MIP; molecularly imprinted polymer.
Sensor |
Analyte |
Linear Range |
LOD |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
luminol-Au@BSA-Ab2/AFP/BSAT/Ab1/Chi/MoS2-PEI-Au/GCE. |
Alpha fetal protein (AFP), |
0.0001−200.0 ng/mL |
1.0 × 10−5 ng/mL |
[77] |
BSA/Ab2/ABEI-Cys/Au–Pd–Pt/MoS2 |
cystatin C (CYSC) |
1.0 fg/mL−5.0 ng/mL |
0.35 fg/mL |
[172] |
QDs–Apt2/PDGF-BB/Apt1/MoS2–AuNPs/GCE |
platelet-derived growth factor-BB |
0.01−100 pmol/L |
1.1 fmol/L |
[173] |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/bios12060386