Data on the impact of waiting for surgery on patients’ employment status was reported by 13 publications that had variable findings; one study [12] found that patients’ potential loss of paid work was unknown, yet another review [14] found that longer waits for surgery were associated with a decreased likelihood of returning to work.

Another research team [32] found that amongst people in employment who were waiting for endoscopic sinus surgery (n = 18) that 4.8% of time at work was missed and that 34.4% time at work was impaired. Participants in four qualitative papers identified that time off work or adjustments to their work activity was necessary whilst waiting for surgery [17,18,19,20]. Furthermore, reports emerged of longer term negative impacts on career pathway plans [18] and negatively altered relationships with work colleagues [19].

Six quantitative publications reported data on the difficulties of maintaining employment by people waiting for surgery, particularly people waiting for joint replacement surgery. Three studies found similar proportions of people resigning from work; 33% (n = 71/214) with arthritis [22], and 30% (n = 82/278) [31] and 25.7% (n = 78/303) [25] of people waiting for a hip or knee replacement. Companies with a small number of employees and no access to occupational health services who could facilitate adjustments to the working environment were more likely to have difficulty retaining staff unable to work whilst waiting for surgery [31]. Pre-surgery sickness absence was also reported amongst some groups; 51% (n = 24/47) people waiting for joint replacement surgery [26] and 12% (n = 7/55) with gall stones [29]. The same study [29] noted also that 20% (n = 13/65) of people waiting for an inguinal hernia repair needed adjustments to their workplace in order to continue working. One paper reported a survey of individuals from five hospitals in the East Midlands (UK) whose surgery was cancelled during the ‘winter pressures’ of 2017/2018 [28]. Of the 339 survey respondents, n = 163/399 were of working age (<65 years) and n = 111 (68%) were employed. Unplanned working days were lost by 54% (+/−10) of participants. In addition, 33% (n = 37/111) of family members needed between one and five days off work to support the patient, totaling 581 days of work lost.

A further paper aiming to report employment-related issues surveyed patients and clinicians on factors which could contribute to the prioritisation of people waiting for surgery [30]. Both the severity of physical symptoms and impact of work had the greatest impact on priority.

Data that described the impact of social function and leisure activities was reported by 17 publications, showing that waiting for surgery significantly compromised patients’ leisure activities and activities of daily living [14,20,29,32]. Several publications found that the enforced abandonment of usual roles and activities led to altered relationships with families, friends, and work colleagues, as well as social exclusion [15,16,19,21,25,32]. The likely cause of these effects was identified as either pain or disability, directly leading to disengagement with participants’ social lives [16,17,20,26,29] or the resultant tiredness from poor sleep due to pain or discomfort [32]. Two frequently used health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) assessment tools were employed by some authors as a research method—the EQ-5D [13,29] and the SF-36 [24,26,27,31]. However, neither the EQ-5D or the HRQoL tools include questions to assess alterations to sleeping patterns which, if impaired, can negatively affect social function among the assessment domains.

Two quantitative papers by the same author [22,23] used an alternative HRQoL assessment instrument, the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) [35]. The AQoL actively measures changes in social function such as relationships with others, sleep, and capacity to fulfil family roles, so is a likely more sensitive measure of the impact of a long wait for surgery on social harms.

Whilst the impact of waiting for surgery on employment and leisure activities was explicitly investigated in many publications, the ability to continue fulfilling roles in the family or as a carer, was reported in only three publications. The first study identified that 6.9% (n = 4/58), 3.2% (n = 1/31), and 9.8% (n = 5/51) of participants waiting for varicose vein, inguinal hernia, and gallstones surgery respectively experienced problems when caring for dependents [30]. The second study found that 53% (n = 160/303) of their population waiting for hip-replacement surgery had difficulty when caregiving [25], and the third paper reported patients feeling “useless” because of being unable to undertake usual activities in the home [17].

The financial consequences to patients and their families whilst waiting for extended periods of time for surgery were observed in three publications. This theme therefore focuses specifically on the financial impact of both employment difficulties and the costs associated with additional face-to-face hospital appointments while waiting for surgery. Whilst one research team observed that there were no data identified regarding the effects of surgical cancellation on the patient’s potential economic consequences, e.g., loss of work, sick leave, ability to maintain their housing arrangements [12], other authors reported that 13.3% (n = 40/303) of participants waiting for hip or knee surgery experienced a loss in income, although this sum was not quantified or correlated with a specific waiting period [25]. The economic burden experienced by some patients was identified in a survey that found that 48% (n = 143/303) incurred additional travel costs for hospital appointments of between GBP 6.50 and 30 [28]. However, the questions asked of patients did not address specific economic issues such as any missed mortgage or rent payments, a need to access food banks, having to prioritise bill payments over food or goods needed for children.