Layered silicates |
Nanoclay |
Food packaging film |
Reduction of water vapour permeability (WVP) by 14% Reduction of OP by 15% Presence of microbial growth against C. albicans Reduction of microbial growth against S. aureus and E. coli (bacteriostatic effect) |
[24] |
Nanoclay |
Packaging material |
Improvement of tensile strength from 5.2 to 6.3 MPa Increase in moisture absorption from 44.44% to 69.58% Complete degradation of thermoplastic starch (TPS)/nanoclay film on the 6th day |
[10] |
Nanosilica (nano-SiO2) |
Packaging material |
TPS film with hydrophilic nano-SiO2 had lower retrogradation rate than that with hydrophobic nano-SiO2. |
[25] |
MMT |
Packaging material |
Improvement of tensile strength by 32% with MMT loading of 5 wt.% Improvement of Young’s modulus from 2338 to 3237 MPa Improvement of surface hydrophobicity of film (from 51.97° to 67.77°) Reduction of moisture uptake by 11% |
[26] |
Organic nanofillers |
Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) |
Packaging material |
Improvement of tensile strength by 33% with CNF loading of 3 wt.% Improvement of Young’s modulus from 2338 to 3173 MPa Improvement of surface hydrophobicity of film (from 51.97° to 53.89°) Reduction of moisture uptake by 13% |
[26] |
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) |
Packaging film |
Reduction of water absorption and water solubility by 21% and 50% with CNC loading of 20 wt.%, respectively Reduction of WVP by 8% with CNC loading of 15 wt.%.; WVP value increased with 20 wt.% CNC loading Optimum tensile strength of 4.59 MPa at 10 wt.% CNC loading; reduction in tensile strength with addition of 15 and 20 wt.% CNC loadings |
[27] |
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) |
Food packaging film |
Improvement of tensile strength by 56% with CNC loading of 10 vol.% Reduction of WVP by 17% |
[28] |
Chitosan |
Packaging film |
Improvement of tensile strength by 17% with chitosan loading of 10 wt.% Improvement of Young’s modulus by 13% Reduction of WVP by 35% TPS/chitosan film had higher opacity than TPS film Reduction of microbial growth against S. aureus and Escherichia coli |
[29] |
Chitosan |
Packaging film |
Optimum tensile strength of ~6.79 MPa at TPS/chitosan ratio of 4:6 Higher biodegradation rate with increase of starch content |
[1] |
Inorganic nanofillers |
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods |
Food packaging film |
Improvement of tensile strength (47 to 90 MPa) and Young’s modulus (2.1 to 3.2 MPa) Slight reduction of elongation at break from 50% to 47%. Reduction of WVP by 42%. Improvement of antimicrobial activity against E. coli from 1.5 × 107 to 9 × 105 CFU/mL |
[30] |
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NP) |
Active packaging film |
Improvement of tensile strength (2.8 to 9.0 MPa) and Young’s modulus (50 to 530 MPa) Reduction of EB from 63% to 20% Improvement of antibacterial activity against E. coli from 5.0 × 107 to 1.5 × 106 CFU/mL Film with AgNP disintegrated slower than the control film in soil (after 2 weeks vs. after 1 week) |
[31] |
Ag-NP |
Food packaging film |
Reduction of WVP by 16% Reduction of OP by 11% No microorganism growth against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans (microbiostatic effect) |
[24] |
Ag-NP/nanoclay |
Food packaging film |
Reduction of WVP by 33% Reduction of OP by 35% No microorganism growth against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans (microbiostatic effect) |
[24] |
Carbonaceous fillers |
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) |
For packaging and electroconductive applications |
Improvement of tensile strength by 327% and Young’s modulus by 2484% at MWCNT loading of 0.5 wt.% Highest electrical conductivity of 56.3 S/m with 5 wt.% loading as compared to control film (1.08 × 10−3 S/m) Shifting of thermal degradation temperature to lower temperature with increasing MWCNT loading |
[32] |
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (MWCNT-CTAB) |
Production of conductive film |
Improvement of 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (from ~2.5% to 30.2% after 1.5 h) Improvement of electrical conductivity (from 2.03 × 10−6 S/m to 14.75 S/m) |
[33] |
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with ascorbic acid (MWCNT-AA) |
As adsorbent for removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution |
Enhancement of thermal stability Suitable to be used as adsorbent for removal of MB dye but not reusable |
[34] |
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with ascorbic acid (MWCNT-AA) |
As adsorbent for removal of methylene range (MO) dye from aqueous solution |
Enhancement of thermal stability Suitable to be used as adsorbent for removal of MO dye but not reusable |
[35] |
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with fructose (MWCNT-Fr) |
As adsorbent for dye removal from aqueous solution |
Film was too brittle for tensile test |
[36] |
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with Valine (MWCNT-Valine) |
As adsorbent for removal of copper ions from aqueous solution |
Enhancement of thermal stability Suitable to be used as adsorbent for removal of copper ions but not reusable |
[37] |
Graphene oxide (GO) |
Food packaging film |
Improvement of tensile strength (from 57.97 to 76.09 MPa) and Young’s modulus (from 20.59 to 35.91 MPa). Slight reduction of EB from 6.60% to 3.13%. Enhancement of thermal stability Improvement of surface hydrophobicity of film (from 71.33° to 112.04°) Improvement of water vapour permeability Starch/gelatin/GO film had lower biodegradability than the control film (~30% vs. 50%) after 6 weeks of soil burial degradation. |
[38] |