Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal intrinsic brain tumor. Drug delivery to glioblastoma is challenging because of the molecular and cellular heterogeneity of the tumor, its infiltrative nature, and the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Applications of convection-enhanced delivery (CED), controlled-release systems, nanomaterial systems, peptide-based therapeutics, and focused ultrasound for drug delivery to GBM are discussed in this review.
Molecular and cellular heterogeneity, GBM cell dispersal and the BBB are critical constraints limiting the efficacy of anti-GBM drug therapy. Applications of CED, controlled release systems, nanomaterial systems, peptide-based therapeutics and focused ultrasound for drug delivery to tumor enhancing survival with reduced toxicity in animal studies (Table 1). Despite currently available treatments, the highly invasive GBM continues to be a deadly disease without cure in patients. Therefore, clinical trials that combine currently available therapies with the novel drug delivery approaches discussed here may enhance the effectiveness of molecular therapeutics in GBM.
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Method of Drug Delivery |
Specific Examples |
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Controlled release systems |
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Biodegradable wafers for the combined delivery of temozolomide and carmustine [5] |
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Biodegradable polymer implants releasing rapamycin[6] |
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Carboxymethylcellulose biopolymer system delivering rhodamine B[7] |
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Hydrogel based co-delivery of paclitaxel and temozolomide[8] |
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Convection enhanced delivery |
Temozolomide[9] |
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Carboplatin[10] |
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Iron oxide nanoparticles conjugated to epidermal growth factor receptor deletion mutant III antibody (EG-FRVIIIAb)/MRI-guided[11] |
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Nanomaterial Systems |
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) based nanoparticle system to deliver the natural growth modulating tripeptide GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine)[12] |
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Nanobubble-based theranostic system consisting of intravenously administered iron-platinum nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin and surface-functionalized with transferrin[13] |
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Peptide based therapeutics |
Tumor targeting peptides delivering deliver the oncolytic virus VSVΔM51, in combination with gadolinium[14] |
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Self-assembled spherical nanoparticles containing a peptide probe (Cy5.5-SAPD-99mTc) with mitochondria targeting[15] |
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Peptide derivatives of rabies virus glycoproteins, RVG29 and RVG15-liposome, delivering anticancer chemotherapeutic docetaxel nanoparticles and paclitaxel-cholesterol[16][17] |
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WSW (also called PhrCACET1) peptide fused to paclitaxel nanosuspensions[18] |
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Use of polydopamine (PDA)-coated zein-curcumin nanoparticles functionalized with the peptide G23[19] |
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Dual peptide nanocomplex created by combining SynB3 (a cell penetration peptide) with PVGLIG (an MMP-2 sensitive peptide) and paclitaxel[20] |
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Focused ultrasound |
Temozolomide[21] |
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BCNU[22] |
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Liposomal O6-(4-bromothenyl)guanine (O6BTG)[23] |
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Liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin[24] |
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Cisplatin conjugated gold nanoparticles[25] |
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Trastzumab[26] |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms23031711