In the keyword clustering map, different colors represent different clusters. The larger the nodes on the map, the more times keywords appear, indicating that their contribution to the urban floods field is greater. Closely related nodes are connected by lines, and the greater the link strength is, the stronger the internal relationship is. The node group is composed of many nodes.

As can be seen from Figure 1b, the clustering network is a complex co-occurrence relation, from which researchers detected seven main clusters that reflect the knowledge base for urban floods research. The red cluster, including one of the keywords as a retrieval theme, namely “urban flood”, formed the largest cluster and contained the most cited publications. In this cluster, models are used by researchers for numerical simulation on the issues of runoff. Besides, the hazards and risks of urban floods are also studied. The green cluster represented by “urban stormwater” and the purple one by “heavy metal” tend to focus on the pollution of urban stormwater. The keywords involved in these two clusters include “pollution”, “phosphorus”, “bioretention”, “pollutant removal”, “sediment”, “nitrogen removal”, and “Escherichia coli”. The yellow cluster reveals the research based on climate change and urban stormwater management in the urban floods field. On the one hand, with the change of global climate, cities’ vulnerability and resilience are studied [122,123]; on the other hand, a portion of researchers, with thoughts of the system, focus on urban stormwater management around green infrastructure and put forward policy suggestions from the perspective of the government. Climate change and urbanization are generally regarded as the two main causes of urban floods [124,125,126]. Aside from the climate change focus in the yellow cluster, other researchers emphasized urbanization and its impact, as in the dark blue cluster.

Co-citation of references refers to the phenomenon in which two or more references are cited by the same document. The analysis of literature co-citation in CiteSpace reveals the theoretical knowledge foundation of relevant research by analyzing the high frequency of co-citation literature and the knowledge structure of a research field is revealed by analyzing the key nodes and clusters in the co-citation network [127]. The schematic of literature co-citation was obtained as shown in Figure 2. The nodes represent the cited literature, whose sizes denote the citation frequency. The color of the nodes depicts the citation time corresponding with the time bar above, and the labels on the nodes are the first author and publication year of the article.

The co-citation network in the urban floods field was composed of 978 nodes and 2725 connections. Fifteen key articles with important academic influence, corresponding to the largest 15 nodes in Figure 2, were selected in this study. As can be seen, only one article was published earlier than 2010, and had no direct connection with the other 14 articles, while the connection between the latter was very strong. Among the 15 articles, there were 9 reviews or summaries, indicating that reviews are relatively more often cited due to their nature in all article types.

Fletcher Tim et al. published “SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more—The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage” in Urban Water Journal in 2015, which ranks first in citation frequency [128]. As of 8 March 2021, this article has been co-cited 88 times. In this article, the history, application, and underlying principles of terms used in urban drainage were documented, such as low impact development (LID), water sensitive urban design (WSUD), and best management practices (BMPs), making it a summary classic. What ranks second is a review, named “Urban flood impact assessment: A state-of-the-art review”, published in 2015 by Hammond MJ et al., revealing the tangible and intangible damage of urban floods [129]. Burns Matthew et al. [130] systematically discussed the hydrologic shortcomings of conventional urban stormwater management by contrasting the hydrologic effects of two conventional approaches, namely drainage-efficiency-focused and pollutant-load-reduction-focused, and proposed a new approach, ranking third. Teng J. et al. [131] summarized the advantages and limitations of the flood inundation model. The article entitled “Performance and implementation of low impact development—A review” was published by Eckart Kyle et al. in Science of the Total Environment in 2017 [132]. This article provides a summary of the knowledge of low impact development (LID), as well as the current state of research. Palla Anna and Ilaria Gnecco [133] used a hydrologic model to confirm the effectiveness of LID solutions in several scenarios. Qin Huapeng et al. [134] analyzed the effects of three LID techniques, namely swales, permeable pavements, and green roofs, by simulation experiment. In 2013, the state of art regarding stormwater management was summarized by Fletcher Tim et al. [113], whose cited position ranks tenth, making it the only article that ranks not only in the top 10 of the total number of citations, but also in the top of co-cited articles. Ahiablame Laurent et al. [135] discussed and evaluated the effectiveness of low impact development practices by field and laboratory studies. In addition, Hunter et al. [136] compared the ability of six two-dimensional (2D) hydraulic models to simulate surface flows in a densely urbanized area through the simulation of a happened flood event.

Research trend analysis is helpful to grasp the development of research and excavate the laws and driving forces behind the changes of research hotspots, providing direction for future research. The keywords are clustered and sorted according to time to obtain Figure 3.

In this figure, it should be noted that the color of nodes is determined by the average time of each keyword year, and the bluer the node is, the earlier the research year is, while the redder the node, the more recent the research year. Researchers found that researchers paid more attention to the problem of urban floods pollution before 2015. Then, the methods of model and numerical simulation were used to research urban stormwater management, low impact development, and so on. The current studies mainly consider cities and urban vulnerability and resilience under the background of climate change and urbanization.

The timeline graph clearly shows the historical research results, trends, and internal relationships of each cluster unit [139,140]. The keywords timeline analysis of the documents from 2006 to 2021 on urban floods was carried out by CiteSpace, whose slicing time and clustering algorithm were set as one year and LLR, respectively; the keywords appearing more than 55 times in each period were extracted and clustered. As shown in Figure 4, the horizontal axis is the time span and the vertical axis is the clustering partition. The size of the arc in the graph represents the span time of the keywords, and the number of nodes represents the internal connection degree of each keyword. In CiteSpace, different settings lead to different clustering results. Under the above settings, 48 clusters are generated. This study analyzed the first 12 clusters in order to receive acquaintance with the evolution laws of the keywords on the time axis.

The clusters with the longest duration are “urban flood”, “urban stormwater”, “urban stormwater management”, “particulate matters”, and “urban hydrology”, which existed throughout the whole study period. In addition, “best management practices”, “probability distribution”, and “diffuse pollution” existed only in the early stage of the study period, while the study of “groundwater” continued until the middle of the study period. The cross and time span between the clusters of “urban flood” and “urban stormwater” are the largest, which indicates that the relationship between them is the closest because they are the names that have been chosen for the overall field of research. In the cluster of “urban flood”, there is the largest number of bursting keywords.

The time zone graph reflects the evolution of knowledge based on the transmission relationship of research hotspots expressed by two-dimensional time location and links [93,141]. Figure 5 shows the time zone graph of keywords by frequency, from which researchers can find that most of the research topics in the field of urban floods, such as urban stormwater management, water quality, runoff, and so on, were carried out from 2006 to 2008. There was almost no major research hotspot in the field of urban floods research in the later stage. However, some new research focuses still exist from the relatively micro perspective. For example, urban floods risk was studied in 2011 and low impact development (LID) was adopted by a large number of scholars for research around 2014, while in 2018, the resilience of urban floods and cities became the research hotspot.

The co-occurrence frequency of keywords was set to 5 times and the keywords hotspot maps of 2006–2010, 2011–2015, and 2016–2021, respectively, were obtained from VOSviewer. In Figure 6, the yellow areas indicate the research hotspots, and the more yellow the area is, the higher the co-occurrence frequency of keywords is.

It can be seen from Figure 6, from the perspective of the number of keywords, the total number of articles published from 2006 to 2010 is the least; correspondingly, the number of keywords is the least, and the total frequency of 5 times or more is 109. The total number of published papers is the highest in 2016–2021, namely 723. From the perspective of research hotspots, the overall high-density areas in Figure 6a are relatively small, as well as scattered, indicating that the research focus in the early research stage of the urban floods field is low and the correlation between hot spots is not so strong compared to the latter. The number of research hotspots increased and the concentration became stronger in Figure 6b. In Figure 6c, the research focuses are further concentrated, which is shown in the expansion of yellow areas in the figure, and different yellow areas begin to overlap to form a new bigger yellow area. This is because more and more scholars have joined in the research of the urban floods field over time, and the number of published articles gradually increased, leading to the rise of keyword co-occurrence frequency.

From the perspective of research content, the research mainly focused on “urban stormwater” and “runoff” from 2006 to 2010, and the latter covered a wide range, including “urban runoff”, “road runoff”, “urban stormwater runoff”, etc. At the same time, water quality attracted a lot of attention, such as the keywords “sediment”, “water quality”, “waste water”, etc. From 2011 to 2015, in addition to the research topic “urban storm water” and “urban flood”, the importance of management began to attract attention. Scholars used more models for simulation research, and the pollution of urban stormwater was still a hot topic, such as the keywords “pollution”, “heavy metal”, and “water quality”. Between 2016 and 2021, the second stage of the research on the whole urban floods field, researchers found that the frequency of the keywords “climate change” and “urbanization” rose rapidly, becoming prevalent in this research period, representing that researchers in the field of urban floods had been paying more and more attention to global climate change and urbanization. Moreover, “urban stormwater management” and “low impact development” have become new research hotspots. In addition, the rapid development of “resilience” and “vulnerability” is also noteworthy.

The top 10 keywords of co-occurrence frequency in 2019–2021 (as of 15 June 2021, the same applies to 2021 mentioned below) are similar to those in 2016–2021. Figure 7 shows that the top four keywords in 2019, 2020, and 2021 are all “urban flood”, “climate change”, “model”, and “impact”, while “urbanization” is likely to occupy the fifth place for a long time. Although the research on runoff is not as prevalent as that in the previous 10 years, there are still a large number of scholars studying it, which was indicated by the fact that the frequency of the keyword “runoff” in the past three years was 8, 10, and 7, respectively. Significantly, “Management”, which has been extensively studied from 2011 to 2015, still had a place in the recent three years, ranking 7, 6, and 12, respectively, in 2019, 2020, and 2021. It is worth noting that the published articles in 2021 show that the research popularity of “land use” and “SWMM (stormwater management model)” has increased sharply.