https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/8/1169

Abstract: Skin is the largest organ of the human body, protecting it against the external environment.
Despite high self-regeneration potential, severe skin defects will not heal spontaneously and need
to be covered by skin substitutes. Tremendous progress has been made in the field of skin tissue
engineering, in recent years, to develop new skin substitutes. Among them, hydrogels are one of the
candidates with most potential to mimic the native skin microenvironment, due to their porous and
hydrated molecular structure. They can be applied as a permanent or temporary dressing for di erent
wounds to support the regeneration and healing of the injured epidermis, dermis, or both. Based on
the material used for their fabrication, hydrogels can be subdivided into two main groups—natural
and synthetic. Moreover, hydrogels can be reinforced by incorporating nanoparticles to obtain
“in situ” hybrid hydrogels, showing superior properties and tailored functionality. In addition,
di erent sensors can be embedded in hydrogel wound dressings to provide real-time information
about the wound environment. This review focuses on the most recent developments in the field
of hydrogel-based skin substitutes for skin replacement. In particular, we discuss the synthesis,
fabrication, and biomedical application of novel “smart” hydrogels.

1. Introduction

2. Skin Structure

3. Skin Wound Healing

4. Types of Wounds

5. Applications of Hydrogels for Wound Healing

5.1. Sprayable in situ forming Hydrogels for Wound Applications

5.1.1. Methacrylated Gelatin

5.1.2. Methacrylated Kappa-Carrageenan

5.1.3. Chitosan

5.2. Acellular Hydrogel-based Wound dressings

5.2.1. Commercial Dermal Substitutes Based on Natural Hydrogels

5.2.2. Commercial Dermal Substitutes Based on Synthetic Hydrogels

5.3. Hydrogel Dressings with Integrated Sensors

6. Conclusions and Future Direction

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