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Subjects:
Cell Biology
The circadian clock is a biological clock that regulates processes in cells and whole organs, contributing to dynamic physiology over the 24 hour period.
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is defined as alternating periods of hypoxia and normoxia. It is associated with multiple respiratory conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
- intermittent hypoxia
- circadian rhythms
1. Introduction
Oxygen is an essential element required for the fundamental cellular processes. Insufficient (hypoxia) or excessive (hyperoxia) oxygen alters the functions of molecules, cells, tissues/organs, and can lead to death [1]. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is a hallmark of multiple respiratory conditions including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) [2,3]. A chronic exposure to IH may be associated with cognitive abnormalities, cardiovascular diseases, as well as metabolic and inflammatory disorders [4]. These comorbidities are also associated with disrupted sleep and misaligned circadian rhythms.
The respiratory patterns of oxygen are controlled by the circadian clock [5]. In turn, oxygen rhythmicity can synchronize the clock through hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) [6]. The key transcriptional activators of the hypoxia signaling pathway, HIFs, and the circadian clock components, BMAL1 and CLOCK, belong to the same family of transcription factors [7]. Therefore, HIFs and canonical clock genes can regulate one another and influence circadian rhythms [8]. Despite rodent studies demonstrating that IH impacts gene expression in a time-dependent and tissue-specific manner [9,10], little is known about the impact of IH on the circadian clock. We modeled IH in C57BL6/J mice to represent OSA and better understand the impact of IH on the circadian rhythms of mammalian canonical clock genes. After the exposure to seven days of normoxia or IH, brain (central) and liver (peripheral) tissues were collected and measured the circadian expression of 10 canonical clock genes including Arntl, Clock, Cry1, Cry2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Npas2, Dbp, and Nr1d1.
2. IH Alters Tissue-Specific Circadian Rhythms of Canonical Clock Genes
The central circadian clock in the brain regulates several physiological functions including breathing, hunger, sleep, and body temperature. Compared to other organs, the brain is more sensitive to changes in oxygen levels [12,13]. Therefore, it is important to understand the influence of IH on the clocks in the brain. We measured the differential rhythms of the canonical clock genes between normoxia versus IH (Figure 1A). We observed rhythms in Cry1, Per1, Per2, and Dbp in both conditions. In contrast, the Arntl, Cry2, and Nr1d1 rhythms were altered by the exposure to IH. Arntl and Nr1d1 lost their rhythms, whereas Cry2 rhythms were robust after IH exposure. No detectable rhythms of Clock, Per3, and Npas2 were identified in both conditions. This may be a cause of multiple disparate cell types in the whole brain and/or the sampling resolution in this tissue. We also observed an elevated midline expression level of Per1 and Per2 in normoxia vs. IH.
Figure 1. Circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes. (A) Brain and (B) Liver panels represent the expressions of canonical clock genes over 24 h on the second day of constant darkness after exposure to a normoxia (circles; black) and IH (triangles; red). Solid and dashed lines represent rhythmic (p < 0.05) and non-rhythmic (p > 0.05) expression patterns, respectively.
In the liver, there are a higher number of rhythmic genes compared to any other peripheral tissue [14]. The disrupted clock in the liver strongly influences the transcriptional rhythms of other peripheral tissues [15]. Therefore, we measured the circadian rhythms of the canonical clock genes in liver samples (Figure 1B). Eight out of ten canonical genes (Arntl, Cry1, Per1, Per2, Per3, Npas2, Dbp, and Nr1d1) were rhythmic under both conditions. However, Per1 and Nr1d1 were reduced in the amplitude and midline expression in response to IH. Furthermore, the Clock lost its rhythmicity after IH exposure. In addition, the Cry2 rhythm was not detected in both normoxia and IH conditions. This was in line with other large-scale rhythmic expression datasets [16]. Overall, our observations suggested that IH alters the tissue-specific rhythms of canonical clock genes.
3. The Clock in the Liver Is More Stable against IH Compared to the Clock in the Brain
Light–dark cycles and the availability of food are two important zeitgebers (environmental signals) that regulate the mammalian circadian system. The clocks in the brain are directly responsive to light whereas the clocks in the liver are responsive to diet. The functional co-ordination between the brain and the liver plays a significant role in the maintenance of the circadian system for the adaptation and survival of mammals [17]. Therefore, we compared the influence of IH on the clock genes in the liver and the brain using p-value correlation plots (Figure 2). Seven out of ten genes in the brain (Figure 2A) and nine out of ten genes in the liver (Figure 2B) were rhythmic in at least one of the normoxic or IH conditions. Among these rhythmic genes, eight genes in the liver and four genes in the brain did not respond to IH. These results suggested that the circadian rhythms of the clock genes in the liver (Figure 2B) were more stable after exposure to IH compared to brain (Figure 2A).
Figure 2. IH alters rhythmic expression of clock genes. Correlation plots represent rhythmicity p-values between normoxia vs. IH in brain (A) and liver (B). Genes rhythmic only in normoxia, only in IH, and in both are represented in blue, red, and cyan, respectively. The number of rhythmic clock genes in both conditions suggests that the circadian clock in the liver is less sensitive to IH compared to the circadian clock in the brain. Arrhythmic genes in both tissues are represented in black.
4. Conclusion
In summary, our results reinforce the concept that the clock response to IH is tissue-dependent. The organ sensitivity to IH can play a significant role in the alteration of circadian rhythms in the brain. Our observations also provided insights to potential underlying etiologies of circadian rhythm-associated health conditions.
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/genes12101627
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