The growth of the motorcycle industry has been driven by the increasing middle-class population worldwide, which, in turn, has led to a higher demand for affordable means of transport [5,9]. These two-wheelers are a low-cost and versatile mobility alternative when compared to the costs and deficiencies of the public transport systems in terms of coverage, frequency, and comfort [3].

Motorcycles have been studied from different perspectives. For instance, some authors have investigated the factors that influence the purchase of these two-wheelers in recent years [5,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. Likewise, the literature in this field has reported some environmental concerns regarding their use. From certain points of view, motorcycles are more sustainable than cars mainly because they require less parking space and fewer financial resources and pollute less than conventional cars with low occupancy [21].

Motorcycle-dominated cities are reported to have a more stable traffic flow and higher road capacity utilization compared to those with an equal number of four- and two-wheelers [5]. However, motorized personal mobility vehicles produce several harmful effects on the environment due to the predominant use of fossil fuels and the dependence on oil [22]. The transport sector is estimated to account for 24% of direct CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion [23]. Motorcycles are thus often ignored in the new discourses on sustainable mobility, as they are regarded as undesirable for reasons of pollution, noise, road safety, and driving behavior [24]. Motorcycle drivers and riders have more accidents than car passengers. According to Cordellieri et al. [25], this is because motorcyclists are more prone to violate traffic rules than car drivers. Furthermore, they are less concerned about the risk of a road crash. As a result of their riskier riding behavior, the probability of accidents increases [26,27,28]. In other studies [29], it has been concluded that there is a strong relationship between driving violation behaviors and risk perception as predictors of motorbike crashes. Risk factors such as age and gender are also of interest for researchers. Several pieces of research [30,31,32] have concluded that the crashes and fatalities suffered by male motorcyclists are higher and more severe than those of women, with the young drivers prone to have more accidents. Overall, research on causality and the severity of traffic accidents holds a dominant position in research trends about motorcycle accidents [33].