In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in using edible insects as animal feed due to their high nutritive value and environmental advantages over the conventional livestock feeds. Insects have been used in the diets of some animals (poultry, fish, and swine) however, their evaluation in ruminants is still limited. The current in vitro study evaluated the usage of four different kinds of edible insects to partially substitute soybean meal as an example to the conventional high-quality expensive protein sources in ruminants’ diets. This study showed that the evaluated insects had high protein and fat contents. Substitution of 25% of soybean meal with the tested insects in a ruminant diet had no adverse effect on rumen fermentation profile or nutrient digestibility. Moreover, the inclusion of some species in the diet led to reduction of the methane production up to 16-18% which is an additional environmental benefit. The findings of this study are encouraging for further work in this promising area to improve the sustainability of livestock industry.
To the best of our knowledge, two studies have been conducted in ruminants evaluating the use of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), Jamaican field crickets (Gryllus assimilis), and mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) as a substitute for soybean meals on the rumen fermentation profile, digestibility, and CH4 production [29,30]. These in vitro studies reported that substitution of soybean meal with the tested insects reduced CH4 production but had a lower nutritional value in terms of lower in vitro dry matter digestibility and production of volatile fatty acids due to the higher chitin content. Therefore, there is a need to determine the optimal inclusion levels of insects in ruminant diets to achieve favourable nutritional, economic, and environmental benefits. It has been reported that there are many insect species that may be well suited for use as feed ingredients [31,32]. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of different kinds of edible insects, e.g., Acheta domesticus, Brachytrupes portentosus, Gryllus bimaculatus, and Bombyx mori, as partial substitutes for soybean meal. We hypothesized that inclusion of lower levels of these insect species to partially replace soybean meal might not have adverse effects on the rumen fermentation profile. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the comprehensive chemical analysis of these insects and evaluating their effects on the rumen fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and CH4 production when used as partial substitutes for soybean meal in a ruminant diet.
% | Acheta domesticus |
Brachytrupes portentosus |
Gryllus bimaculatus |
Bombyx mori |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dry matter (in fresh matter) | 95.57 | 96.13 | 95.55 | 96.55 |
Organic matter | 94.60 | 95.16 | 94.81 | 94.67 |
Crude ash | 5.40 | 4.84 | 5.19 | 5.33 |
Crude protein | 61.25 | 53.32 | 56.54 | 52.44 |
Ether extract | 14.63 | 22.29 | 15.82 | 26.71 |
Neutral detergent fibre | 39.31 | 40.38 | 37.65 | 40.37 |
Acid detergent fibre | 17.29 | 17.34 | 24.21 | 20.72 |
Acid detergent lignin | 2.64 | 4.88 | 3.39 | 10.89 |
Chitin | 14.65 | 12.46 | 20.82 | 9.83 |
Fatty Acid | Soybean Meal | Acheta domesticus |
Brachytrupes portentosus | Gryllus bimaculatus |
Bombyx mori |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
14:0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.2 |
16:0 | 15.2 | 25.3 | 26.3 | 24.2 | 22.0 |
16:1 (cis-9) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
17:0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 |
18:0 | 4.2 | 8.9 | 11.0 | 7.0 | 6.7 |
18:1 (cis-9) | 15.3 | 25.0 | 24.8 | 27.9 | 31.4 |
18:2 n-6 (cis-9,12) | 52.6 | 36.8 | 34.3 | 37.1 | 6.3 |
18:3 n-3 (cis-9,12,15) | 9.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 31.7 |
20:0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
unknown | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 |
Amino Acid | Soybean Meal | Acheta domesticus |
Brachytrupes portentosus | Gryllus bimaculatus |
Bombyx mori |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essential amino acids | |||||
Arginine | 7.08 | 7.08 | 7.03 | 6.86 | 5.67 |
Lysine | 6.31 | 6.01 | 6.02 | 5.89 | 6.88 |
Histidine | 2.82 | 2.52 | 2.58 | 2.64 | 3.62 |
Phenylalanine | 5.19 | 3.73 | 3.62 | 3.66 | 5.07 |
Tyrosine | 3.40 | 5.79 | 5.71 | 5.92 | 6.46 |
Threonine | 4.07 | 4.18 | 4.07 | 4.05 | 4.65 |
Leucine | 7.86 | 7.87 | 7.93 | 8.03 | 7.50 |
Isoleucine | 4.69 | 4.50 | 4.43 | 4.36 | 4.53 |
Methionine | 1.40 | 1.76 | 1.71 | 1.61 | 3.10 |
Cysteine | 1.49 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 1.57 |
Valine | 5.02 | 6.31 | 6.32 | 6.47 | 5.85 |
Tryptophan | 1.40 | 1.12 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.71 |
Non-essential amino acids | |||||
Alanine | 4.43 | 9.70 | 10.23 | 10.45 | 5.73 |
Glycine | 4.37 | 6.09 | 6.14 | 6.14 | 5.73 |
Proline | 5.21 | 6.21 | 6.29 | 6.33 | 4.75 |
Glutamic acid | 18.45 | 11.88 | 12.07 | 11.79 | 11.95 |
Serine | 5.08 | 5.17 | 4.92 | 5.01 | 4.77 |
Aspartic acid | 11.73 | 9.08 | 8.90 | 8.75 | 10.48 |
Parameter | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kleingrass | Soybean Meal | Acheta domesticus |
Brachytrupes portentosus |
Gryllus bimaculatus |
Bombyx mori | |||
Gas production (mL) | 30.17 c | 40.25 a | 40.29 a | 40.21 a | 35.08 bc | 36.96 ab | 0.71 | <0.001 |
Gas production/DM 1 (mL/g) | 66.30 c | 89.92 a | 88.83 a | 88.33 a | 77.17 bc | 81.06 ab | 1.59 | <0.001 |
Gas production/d.DM 2 (mL/g) | 171.36 b | 198.99 a | 194.82 a | 192.43 a | 177.51 b | 174.58 b | 2.12 | <0.001 |
CO2 (%) | 95.25 a | 94.06 c | 93.97 c | 93.97 c | 94.58 b | 94.36 bc | 0.09 | <0.001 |
CH4 (%) | 4.75 c | 5.94 a | 6.03 a | 6.03 a | 5.42 b | 5.64 ab | 0.09 | <0.001 |
CO2 (mL) | 28.72 c | 37.84 a | 37.85 a | 37.77 ab | 33.16 bc | 34.84 ab | 0.65 | <0.001 |
CH4 (mL) | 1.45 c | 2.41 a | 2.44 a | 2.44 a | 1.93 b | 2.11 ab | 0.07 | <0.001 |
CH4/CO2 ratio (mL/mL) | 0.050 d | 0.063 ab | 0.064 ab | 0.064 a | 0.057 c | 0.060 bc | 0.00 | <0.001 |
CO2/DM (mL/g) | 63.11 c | 84.54 a | 83.44 a | 82.97 ab | 72.93 bc | 76.42 ab | 1.45 | <0.001 |
CH4/DM (mL/g) | 3.19 c | 5.37 a | 5.39 a | 5.36 a | 4.24 b | 4.63 ab | 0.15 | <0.001 |
CO2/d.DM (mL/g) | 163.17 b | 187.12 a | 183.01 a | 180.76 a | 167.82 b | 164.64 b | 1.89 | <0.001 |
CH4/d.DM (mL/g) | 8.19 c | 11.87 a | 11.81 a | 11.67 a | 9.69 b | 9.94 b | 0.26 | <0.001 |
1 DM, Dry matter. 2 d.DM, Digestible dry matter. SEM: Standard error of the mean. a, b, c, d Values with different superscripts in the same row are significant different (p < 0.05).
Treatments | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Kleingrass | Soybean Meal | Acheta domesticus |
Brachytrupes portentosus |
Gryllus bimaculatus |
Bombyx mori | SEM | p-Value |
pH | 6.59 bc | 6.58 c | 6.62 a | 6.61 ab | 6.62 a | 6.62 ab | 0.01 | <0.001 |
IVDMD 1 (%) | 38.60 b | 45.14 a | 45.60 a | 45.80 a | 43.28 a | 46.22 a | 1.05 | <0.001 |
IVOMD 2 (%) | 39.27 b | 47.51 a | 46.08 a | 49.77 a | 48.15 a | 45.78 a | 1.54 | 0.010 |
IVNDFD 3 (%) | 31.91 c | 34.28 bc | 42.99 a | 45.95 a | 41.09 ab | 38.54 abc | 1.35 | 0.003 |
IVADFD 4 (%) | 27.50 ab | 28.69 ab | 34.76 ab | 30.70 ab | 27.26 b | 35.20 a | 0.96 | 0.016 |
NH3-N 5 (mg/dL) | 9.33 b | 11.68 b | 23.89 a | 18.69 a | 13.03 b | 19.45 a | 0.84 | <0.001 |
1 IVDMD: In vitro dry matter digestibility. 2 IVOMD: In vitro organic matter digestibility. 3 IVNDFD: In vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility. 4 IVADFD: In vitro acid detergent fibre digestibility. 5 NH3-N: ammonia-nitrogen. SEM: Standard error of the mean. a, b, c Values with different superscripts in the same row are significant different (p < 0.05).
Treatments | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | Kleingrass | Soybean Meal | Acheta domesticus |
Brachytrupes portentosus |
Gryllus bimaculatus |
Bombyx mori | SEM | p-Value |
Acetate (mmol/L) | 78.98 c | 84.99 ab | 85.32 a | 85.12 ab | 82.47 b | 84.78 ab | 1.71 | <0.001 |
Propionate (mmol/L) | 21.04 b | 24.45 a | 24.48 a | 24.46 a | 23.49 a | 24.57 a | 0.41 | <0.001 |
Butyrate (mmol/L) | 8.08 c | 9.00 ab | 9.16 a | 9.16 a | 8.71 b | 8.68 b | 0.15 | <0.001 |
Total VFA 1 (mmol/L) | 108.10 b | 118.44 a | 118.96 a | 118.74 a | 114.66 a | 118.02 a | 2.22 | <0.001 |
Acetate (mol/100 mol) | 72.94 a | 71.64 b | 71.60 b | 71.54 b | 71.78 b | 71.70 b | 0.17 | <0.001 |
Propionate (mol/100 mol) | 19.53 b | 20.72 a | 20.66 a | 20.70 a | 20.59 a | 20.91 a | 0.13 | <0.001 |
Butyrate (mol/100 mol) | 7.54 ab | 7.65 a | 7.74 a | 7.75 a | 7.62 a | 7.39 b | 0.06 | <0.001 |
A/P 2 ratio | 3.75 a | 3.46 b | 3.48 b | 3.47 b | 3.50 b | 3.44 b | 0.03 | <0.001 |
1 VFA: Volatile fatty acids. 2 A/P: Acetate/Propionate. SEM: Standard error of the mean. a, b, c Values with different superscripts in the same row are significant different (p < 0.05).
The current study revealed that the evaluated insects were rich in fat and protein with almost the same essential amino acid profile as that found in soybean meal. Substitution of 25% of soybean meal with the four tested insects in the ruminant diet did not adversely affect the fermentation profile or nutrient digestibility. Additionally, inclusion of Gryllus bimaculatus and Bombyx mori in the diet demonstrated the potential to reduce CH4 production by up to 18.4% and 16.3%, respectively. Therefore, the investigated insects could be used as a sustainable source to replace 25% of the high-quality expensive protein source soybean meal without any negative effects. Further studies with increasing inclusion levels of these insects are required to investigate their impacts when used to completely replace soybean meal and as promising candidates for more effective mitigation of CH4 production.
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ani11092648