Pectolinarin and Pectolinarigenin: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Subjects: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Contributor:
Thamere Cheriet
,
Balkeis Ben-Bachir
,
Oumelkhir Thamri
,
Ramdane Seghiri
,
Ines Mancini

Flavonoids are metabolites widely distributed in plants and commonly present in foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Pectolinarin, which belongs to the flavone subclass, has attracted considerable attention due to its presence in many medicinal plants. It has turned out to be a good biological agent especially due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antitumor activities, evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Its aglycone, the metabolite pectolinarigenin, is also known for a series of biological properties including anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. In the first overview on the two metabolites here presented, their collection, isolation and the results of their biological evaluation are reported

  • flavonoids
  • flavones
  • anticancer

1. Definition

Flavonoids are metabolites widely distributed in plants and commonly present in foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Based on several evidences, flavonoids have been associated with the role of preventing and managing current diseases such as cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders.

Pectolinarin, which belongs to the flavone subclass, has attracted considerable attention due to its presence in many medicinal plants. It has turned out to be a good biological agent especially due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antitumor activities, evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Its aglycone, the metabolite pectolinarigenin, is also known for a series of biological properties including anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects.

2. Introduction

The glycosylated flavone pectolinarin was first isolated from Linaria vulgaris[1] [2], a known medicinal Chinese herb used for the internal treatement of digestion problems and urinary disorders, in the external treatment of haemorrhoids, venous skin ulcer, as well as for the washing of festering wounds and skin rashes. It has also displayed anti-inflammatory effect[2] [3] and has been used to treat coughs and asthma[3] [4]. The structure of pectolinarin was determined to be a rutinoside conjugate of pectolinarigenin (=5,7-dihydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyflavone, C17H14O6) at the 7-O position (pectolinarigenin-7-O-rutinoside, C29H34O15) (Figure 1).

Antibiotics 09 00417 g001 550

Figure 1. Molecular structures of pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin.

Later, pectolinarin and its aglycone pectolinarigenin were identified as the major constituents in many medicinal herbs from different genera around the world. Several studies reported so far prove that the presence of these two flavones has an important role in affecting the biological properties of the following herbs: i) the Korean herb Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai employed for the treatment of hemostasis, hematemesis, hematuria and hypertension[4] [5]; ii) the Chinese herb Cirsium chanroenicum used for detoxification, to treat fever and to enhance blood circulation [5][6]; iii) Cirsium japonicum DC. employed as an anti-hemorrhagic and uretic agent, as well as prescribed to treat liver and uterine tumours, and leukemia [6][7]; iv) Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Janch., used in Pakistan folk medicine as diuretic and against kidney stones[7] [8], fever and rheumatism[8] [9], and during management of snake and scorpion bites[9] [10]; v) Lantana camara L., used for the treatment of various human ailments, such as ulcers, malaria, influenza, tumors, swellings, bilious fever, eczema eruptions, stomach ache, toothache, and as antiseptic for wounds[10] [11]; and vi) Picnomon acama (L.) Cass., used in Greek folk medicine as hemostatic and spasmolytic agent[11] [12].

Due to the structural similarity of pectolinarigenin to known potent flavonoids such as acacetin (5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone, C16H12O5), hispidulin (4′,5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone, C16H12O6) and scutellarein (5,6,7,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone, C15H10O6) and based on the numerous data reported for both pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin, the aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview focusing on their isolation.

3. Isolation of Pectolinarin and Pectolinarigenin

Over the last 113 years from its first report[2][2], pectolinarin was isolated in most cases from the aerial parts of 87 plants belonging to 29 differents genera distributing widely around the world. Most of these plants are used in folk medicine in different parts of the world. Table 1 gathers the 87 plants from which pectolinarin was isolated.

Table 1. Isolation of pectolinarin from the indicated plants, classified according to family, genus and species, and place of collection.

Genus

Species

Collection Place

Reference

Family: Adoxaceae

Viburnum

V. cotinifolium

V. mullaha

Kashmir/India

Indian Himalayan region

[12][13]

[13][14]

Family: Asteraceae

Cirsium

C. subcoriaceum

C. japonicum

 

 

 

C. setosum

C. rivulare

C. lineare

C. nipponicum

C. setidens

 

 

 

 

C. pendulum

C. chanroenicum

 

C. rhinoceros

 

C. coloradense

C. arisanense

C. tioganum

C. oleraceum

 

C. microspicatum

C. babanum

C. kagamontanum

C. inundatum

C. dipsacolepis

C. brevicaule

C. yezoense

C. kamtschaticum

C. pectinellum

C. bitchuense

 

C. senjonse

C. spicatum

C. yezonese

C. vallis-demonii

C. gratiosum

C. indundatum

C. otayae

C. purpuratum

C. spinosissimum

C. spinosum

C. ferum

C. kawakamii

 

 

 

C. wallichii

C. yoshizawae

C. matsumurae

 

C. brevistylum

C. chlorolepis

Pahuatlan/Mexico

Daejeon/S. Korea, Oberndorf/Austria, Chengdu/China, Henan/China

Oberndorf/Austria

Bialystok/Poland

Daejeon/S. Korea

Daejeon/S. Korea

Daejeon, Wonju, Pyongchang-gun, Gangwondo, Jeongseon-gun, Yanggu/S. Korea

Daejeon/S. Korea

Daejeon, Sancheong/S. Korea

Jeongseon-gun, Jeju Island/S. Korea

Laramie/USA

 

 

Laramie/USA, Vitebsk/Belarus

Nemuro, Hatimandake, Memanbetsu, Onsen Kyushu, Hokkaido/Japan

 

 

 

 

Wyoming/USA, Japan

Mount Akaishi, Mount Senmai, Shizuoka, Takanomori, Nekura Valley/Japan, Vitebsk/Belarus,

Mount Shirouma/Japan

la Dotze/Switzerland

Hsien/Taiwan

Nemuro, Mount Shirouma /Japan, Mount Ali, Chiayi Hsien/Taiwan

Ku Kuan, Taichung Haien/Taiwan

Mount Shirouma, Mount Hakusan ad pedem/Japan

Vancouver/Canada

Seongnam/Korea

[14][15]

[6][15][16][17][18][19][7,16–20]

 

 

 

[17][18]

[20][21]

[18][19]

[18][21][19,22]

[18][22][23][24][25][19,23–26]

 

 

 

 

[18][19]

[18][25][26][19,26,27]

 

[27][28][28,29]

 

[29][30]

 

 

[29][30][31][30–32]

 

[15][16]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

[32][33][33,34]

 

[16][30][34][35][36][17,31,35–37]

 

 

 

 

 

[34][35]

 

[37][38]

[33][34]

[38][39]

[15][39][40][16,40,41]

 

 

 

[40][41]

[34][35]

[33][39][34,40]

 

[41][42]

[42][43]

Duranta

D. plumieri

Rajshahi/Bangladesh

[43][44]

Hemistepta

H. lyrata

Kangwon/S. Korea

[44][45]

Picnomon

P. acarna

Mount Hortiatis/Greece

[45][46]

Family: Bignoniaceae

Distictella

D. elongata

Minas Gerais State/Brazil

[46][47]

Markhamia

M. lutea

Benguluru/India

[47][48]

Family: Buddlejaceae

Buddleja

B. officinalis

Anhui/China

[48][49]

Family: Ericaceae

Rhododendron

R. arboreum

Aligarh/India

[49][50]

Family: Gesneriaceae

Corallodiscus

C. flabellate

Kunming/China

[50][51]

Aeschynanthus

A. moningeriae

Jinhua/China

[51][52]

Family: Lamiaceae

Leucosceptrum

L. canum

Tibet/China

[52][53]

Teucrium

T. hyrcanicum

Sicily/Italy

[53][54]

Family: Lythraceae

Lawsonia

L. inermis

Thanjavur/India

[54][55]

Family: Moraceae

Clerodedrum

C. phlomides

Tamil Nadu/India

[55][56]

Family: Orchidaceae

Oncidium

O. baueri

Londrina/Brazil

[56][57][57,58]

Family: Orobanchaceae

Melampyrum

M. roseum

Suwon/S. Korea

[58][59]

Family: Plantaginaceae

Scoparia

S. dulcis

Nanning/China

[59][60]

Family: Poaceae

Oryza

O. sativa

a)

[60][61]

Family: Ranunculaceae

Trollius

T. ledebourii

Hebei/China

[61][62]

Family: Rosaceae

Kerria

K. japonica var.

Chongqing/China

[62][63]

Crataegus

C. laevigata

Bremen/Germany

[63][64]

Family: Santalaceae

Thesium

T. chinense

Anhui/China

[64][65]

Family: Scrophulariaceae

Linaria

L. vulgaris

 

 

L. japonica

 

L. reflexa

 

L. vulgariformis

L. popovii

L. kurdica

L. sessili

L. kokanica

L. haelava

L. simplex

L. genistifolia

L. dalmatica

Sofia/Bulgaria, Tachkent/Uzbekistan

Heilongjiang/China

Tottori Prefecture/Japan

Constantine/Algeria, Calabria/Italy

Tachkent/Uzbekistan

 

 

Pamir/Tajikistan

 

Mansoura/Egypt

Sofia/Bulgaria

[2][65][66][67][2,66–68]

 

 

[68][69][70][69–71]

 

[71][72][73][74][72–75]

 

[65][66]

 

 

[75][76]

 

[76][77]

[66][67]

 

 

L. scariosa

Msila/Algeria

[77][78]

Kickxia

K. elatine

K. heterophylla

K. ramosissima

K. abhaica

 

K. spuria

 

K. aegyptiaca

Dustlik/Uzbekistan

Mansoura/Egypt

Ankara/Turkey

Baljurashi/Saudi Arabia

Appennines hills/Italy

Saudi Arabia

[78][79]

[79][80]

[80][81][81,82]

[82][83]

 

[83][84]

 

[84][85]

Family: Verbenaceae

Morus

M. alba L.

Hongseong/Korea

[85][86]

Lantana L. camara

Taichung/Taiwan, Palampur/India, Karachi/Pakistan, Ceará state/Brazil, Manado/Indonesia, Okinawa/Japan

[86][87][88][89][90][91][87–92]

Lippia L. rubella

Minas Gerais/Brazil

[92][93]

Family: Winteraceae

Tasmannia

T. lanceolata

Go Wild Harvest/Australia

[93][94]

a Not found.

Pectolinarigenin is the aglycone part of pectolinarin, which is obtained by hydrolysis reaction [72][73]. It is also a natural product, isolated and identified from 136 plantes of 71 differents genera. The data are summarized in Table 2, indicating that pectolinarigenin was isolated from 20 different families, especially from Asteraceae with 33 genera and 64 species (47.1%), Lamiaceae with 9 genera and 19 species (14%) and Verbenaceae with 4 genera and 10 species (8%).

Table 2. Isolation of pectolinarigenin from the indicated plants, classified according to family, genus and species, and place of collection.

Genus

Species

Collection Place

Reference

Family: Apiaceae

Coriandrum

C. sativum

Faisalabad/Pakistan

[94][99]

Family: Aspleniaceae

Asplenium

A. glaucophyllum

West Malysia

[95][100]

 

A. normale

West Malaysia

[96][101]

Family: Asteraceae

Achillea

A. collina

wet lowland

meadows/UK

[97][102]

 

A. asplenifolia

 

 

Ajania

A. potaninii

Gansu/China

[98][103]

Ambrosia

A. camphorate

Baja California/Mexico

[99][104]

Arnica

A. angustifolia

northwest

Canada and Alaska

[100][105]

 

A. Montana

California/USA

[101][106]

 

A. chamissonis

Graines Voltz/France

[102][107]

 

A. montana

Šumava Mounts/Czech

[103][108]

Artemisia

A. mongolica

Gansu/China

[104][109]

 

A. judaica

St. Catherine, Sinai/Egypt

[105][110]

 

A. monosperma

Cairo/Egypt

 

 

A. herba-alba

Mount Moses/Egypt

 

 

A. xerophytica

South Gobi Aimak/Mongolia

[106][111]

 

A. glabella

Karaganda/Kazakhstan

[107][112]

 

A. vestita

Lhasa/Tibet

[108][113]

Baccharis

B. trinervis

Costa Rica

[109][114]

 

B. decussata

Venezuela

[110][115]

 

B. concave

 

[111][116]

 

B. uncinella

Campos do Jordão/Brazil

[112][117]

 

B. conferta

Veracruz/Mexico

[113][118]

Centaurea

C. alexandrina

Alexandria/Egypt

[114][119]

 

C. aspera

Ribera Baixa/Spain

[115][120]

 

C. cariensis

 

[116][121]

 

C. collina

Valencia/Spain

[117][122]

 

C. sadleriana

Jakabszállás/Hungary

[118][123]

 

C. moesiaca

Malashevska planina/Bulgaria

[119][124]

 

C. behen

Iran

[120][125]

Chromolaena

C. odorata

Chonburi/Thailand

[121][126]

Chrysanthemum

C. pacificum

Tsukuba/Japan

[26][27]

 

C. shiwogiku

Muroto-misaki/Japan

 

 

C. kinokuniense

Tsukuba/Japan

 

 

C. rupestre

Mount Mikuni/Japan

 

Cirsium

C. setidens

Jeongseon-gun, Halla of jejudo, Daejeon, Kangwon, Yanggu/S. Korea; Guerrero/Mexico;

[18][23][24][25][26][27][122][19,24–28,127]

 

C. chanroenicum

Daejeon, Ulsan, Sancheong/S. Korea

[25][123][26,128]

 

C. japonicum

Jiang Xi/China

[124][129]

 

C. arvense

Musa Khel Bannu/Pakistan

[125][130]

 

C. nipponicum

Suwon/S. Korea

[126][131]

 

C. rhinoceros

 

[127][132]

Dichrocephala

D. integrifolia

Shanghai/China

[128][133]

Dugaldia

D. pinetorum

Nuevo Lebn/Mexico

[129][134]

Eriocephalus

E. giessii

Aus-Koppies/Namibia

[130][135]

Eupatorium

E. cannabinum

Gronigen/Netherlands

[131][136]

 

E. odoratum

Kuala Pilah/Malaysia

[132][133][137,138]

 

E. semiserratum

Arkansas/USA

[134][139]

Fragrant

F. Eupatorium

Guangxi/China

[135][140]

Grindelia

G. glutinosa

Poconchile, Valle de

Liuta, Tarapaca/Chile

[136][141]

Gutierrezia

G. mandonii

Salta/Argentina

[137][142]

Helenium

H. integrifolium

 

[138][143]

Heterotheca

H. latifolia

San Luis/Argentina

[139][144]

Hemistepta

H. lyrata

Kangwon/S. Korea

[44][45]

Hymenoxys

H. jamesii

Coconino/USA

[140][145]

Iva

I. nevadensis

Tonopah/USA

[141][146]

 

I. frutescens

Franklin/USA

[142][147]

Jungia

J. polita

San Martin/Argentina

[143][148]

Olearia

O. paniculata

Dunedin/New Zealand

[144][149]

Onopordon

O. corymbosum

Barracas, Castellon/Spain

[145][150]

 

O. nervosum

a)

[146][151]

Santolina

S. chamaecyparissus

Lyon/France

[147][152]

 

S. pinnata

Pisa/Italy

[148][153]

Saussurea

S. elegans

Murghab/Tajikistan

[149][154]

Schkuhria

S. pinnata

Cordoba/Argentina

[150][155]

Seriphidium

S. santolium

Xinjiang Uigour/China

[151][156]

Stevia

S. laxiflora

Cuernavaca, Morelos/Mexico

[152][157]

Vernonia

V. cinerea

Pahang/Malaysia

[153][158]

Family: Betulaceae

Alnus

A. glutinosa

Darmstadt/Germany

[154][159]

 

A. japonica

 

[155][160]

Betula

B. ermanii

 

[154][159]

 

B. verrucosa

a)

[156][161]

 

B. pubescens

Biebrza/Poland

[157][162]

 

B. pendula

 

 

Family: Bignoniaceae

Millingtonia

M. hortensis

Khon Kaen/Thailand

[158][163]

Family: Blechnaceae

Brainea

B. insignis

Yunnan/China

[159][164]

Family: Boraginaceae

Eriodictyon

E. tomentosum

Placer Co./USA

[160][165]

Family: Fabaceae

Adesmia

A. grandiflora

a)

[161][166]

 

A. trijuga

 

 

 

A. horrida

 

 

 

A. retrofracta

 

 

Ononis

O. fruticosa

Los Castanõs/Spain

[97][167]

 

O. natrix

 

 

 

O. rotundifolia

a)

[162][168]

Trifolium

T. pratense

Trout Lake/USA

[163][169]

Family: Lamiaceae

Leucosceptrum

L. canum

a)

[164][170]

Mentha

M. pulegium

Petite Kabylie/Algeria

[165][171]

 

M. suaveolens

 

 

Ocimum

O. americanum

Royal

Botanic Gardens, Kew/England

[166][172]

Otostegia

O. fruticosa

St. Catherine/Egypt

[167][173]

Salvia

S. trilobu

Marmara island/Turkey

[168][174]

 

S. hypoleuca

Elbruz moun/Russia

[169][175]

 

S. pedicellata

a)

[170][176]

 

S. yosgadensis

Sultanhani/Turkey

[171][177]

 

S. plebeia

a)

[172][178]

 

S. pilifera

Berit Mount/Turkey

[173][179]

 

S. tomentosa

Sofia/Bulgaria

[174][180]

 

S. argentea

 

 

Scutellaria

S. polyodon

a)

[175][181]

 

S. przewalskii

Susamyr/Kyrgyzstan

[176][182]

Sideritis

S. gomerae

Canary islands/Spain

[177][183]

Teucrium

T. chamaedrys

Eskisehir/Turkey

[178][184]

Thymus

T. longicaulis

Sar planina/Macedonia

[179][185]

 

T. glabrescens

Skopje/Macedonia

 

Family: Lythraceae

Lawsonia

L. inermis

Thanjavur/India

[148][153]

Family: Nothofagaceae

Nothofagus

N. dombeyi

Altos de Lircay/Chile

[180][186]

Family: Orobanchaceae

Striga

S. passargei

a)

[181][187]

 

S. aspera

a)

[182][188]

Family: Padaliacea

Sesamum

S. indicum

Gambang/Malaysia

[183][189]

Family: Plantaginaceae

Digitalis

D. trojana

Kizilcahamam, DemirkOy/Turkey

[180][190]

 

D. orientalis

 

 

 

D. lanata

a)

[184][191]

Hebe

H. cupressoides

Dunedin/New Zealand

[185][192]

Veronica

V. chamaedrys

Rila Mount/Bulgaria

[186][193]

Veronicastrum

V. latifolium

Yongkang/China

[187][194]

Family: Portulacaceae

Portulaca

P. oleracea

Tianjin/China

[188][195]

Family: Ranunculaceae

Trollius

T. chinensis

Hebei/China

[189][196]

Family: Rosaceae

Rosa

R. damascena

Plovdiv/Bulgaria

[190][197]

 

R. rugosa

Botanischer Garten der TU Darmstadt/Germany

[191][198]

Family: Scrophulariaceae

Buddleia

B. macrostachya

Sibsagar/India

[192][199]

Kickxia

K. ramosissima

Takht-e-Nusrati/Pakistan

[193][194][195][200–202]

Limnophila

L. aromatica

Ho Chi Minh/Vietnam

[196][203]

Linaria

L. vulgaris

Ukrania; China

[67][197][68,204]

 

L. reflexa

Constantine/Algeria

[72][73]

 

L. kurdica

Ukrania

[197][204]

 

L. scariosa

Msila/Algeria

[77][78]

Family: Verbenaceae

Clerodendrum

C. siphonenthus

Calcutta, Kalyani/India

[198][199][205,206]

 

C. phlomidis

Pondicherry, Alanthurai/India

[198][199][200][201][202][203][205–210]

 

C. serratum

Bhilai/India

[204][211]

 

C. inerme

Pondicherry/India

[205][206][212,213]

 

C. neriifolium

a)

[207][214]

 

C. indicum

a)Khao Kho/Thailand

[208][215,216]

Duranta

D. repens

a)

[209][217]

 

D. plumieri

a)

[43][210][44,218]

Lantana

L. camara

Taichung/Taiwan, Palampur/India, Karachi/Pakistan, Ceará state/Brazil, Manado/Indonesia, Okinawa/Japan

[86][87][88][89][90][91][87–92]

Lippia

L. citriodora

Athens/Greece

[211][219]

Family: Zosteraceae

Phyllospadix

P. japonica

Omaezaki/Japan

[212][220]
  1. a) not found.

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/antibiotics9070417

References

  1. Gruenwald, J. PDR for Herbal Medicines, 1st ed.; Medical Economics Company: Montvale, NJ, USA, 1998
  2. Klobb, T; Two new glucosides: Linarine and pectolinarine. Compt. Rend. 1907, 145, 331-334, .
  3. Huiming Hua; Maosheng Cheng; Xian Li; Yuehu Pei; A new pyrroloquinazoline alkaloid from Linaria vulgaris.. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 2002, 50, 1393-1394, 10.1248/cpb.50.1393.
  4. Lee, S.J. Korean Folk Medicine; Seoul National University Press: Seoul, Korea, 1966; pp. 145–146.
  5. Jeong, B.; Shin, M. Dictionary of Folk Medicine; Yeungrim Pub.: Seoul, Korea, 1989; p. 1041.
  6. Sujun Liu; Jie Zhang; Daxu Li; Wei Liu; Xun Luo; Rongxian Zhang; Li Li; Jian Zhao; Anticancer activity and quantitative analysis of flavone ofCirsium japonicumDC. Natural Product Research 2007, 21, 915-922, 10.1080/14786410701494686.
  7. Preeti N. Pandya; Hetal B. Aghera; B. K. Ashok; Rabinarayan Acharya; Diuretic activity of Linaria ramosissima (wall.) Janch. leaves in albino rats. The Selendang Ayu Oil Spill: Lessons Learned 2012, 33, 576-8, 10.4103/0974-8520.110517.
  8. Jain, A.; Katewa, S.S.; Galave, P.; Nag, A.; Some therapeutic uses of biodiversity among the tribals of Rajasthan. Ind. J. Tradit. Med. 2008, 7, 256–262, .
  9. Bole, P.V.; Pathak, J.M. Flora of Saurashtra; The director botanical survey of India: New Delhi, India, 1988
  10. Emilio L. Ghisalberti; Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Fitoterapia 2000, 71, 467-486, 10.1016/s0367-326x(00)00202-1.
  11. Dioscorides; Robert, T.G. The Greek Herbal of Dioscorides; Gunther, R.T., Ed.; Hafner Publishing Company: New York, NY, USA, 1968; p. 247
  12. Hasan M. H. Muhaisen; M. Ilyas; M. Mushfiq; Mehtab Parveen; Omer A. Basudan; Flavonoid from Viburnum cotinifolium. Journal of Chemical Research 2002, 10, 480-481, 10.3184/030823402103170655.
  13. Himani Singh; Madhuri Kaushish Lily; Koushalya Dangwal; Viburnum mullaha D.DON Fruit (Indian Cranberry): A Potential Source of Polyphenol with Rich Antioxidant, Anti-elastase, Anti-collagenase, and Anti-tyrosinase Activities. International Journal of Food Properties 2016, 20, 1729-1739, 10.1080/10942912.2016.1217878.
  14. Mariano Martínez-Vázquez; Teresa Apan; Ana Lastra; Robert Bye; A Comparative Study of the Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Pectolinarin Isolated from Cirsium subcoriaceum and Linarin Isolated from Buddleia cordata. Planta Medica 1998, 64, 134-137, 10.1055/s-2006-957390.
  15. N. Morita; M. Shimizu; M. Arisawa; Two new flavone glycosides from Cirsium lineare. Phytochemistry 1973, 12, 421-423, 10.1016/0031-9422(73)80032-9.
  16. Park, J.C.; Lee, J.H.; Choi, J.W. Isolation and biological activity of flavone glycosides from the aerial part of Cirsium japonicum var. ussuriense in Korea. Han’guk Yongyang Siklyong Hakhoechi 1995, 24, 906–910.
  17. Ganzera, M.; Pöcher, A.; Stuppner, H. Differentiation of Cirsium japonicum and C. setosum by TLC and HPLC-MS. Phytochem. Anal 2005, 16, 205–209.
  18. Jeong, D.M.; Jung, H.A.; Choi, J.S. Comparative antioxidant activity and HPLC profiles of some selected Korean thistles. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2008, 31, 28–33.
  19. Ma, Q.; Jiang, J.G.; Zhang, X.M.; Zhu, W. Identification of luteolin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide from Cirsium japonicum and its anti-inflammatory mechanism. J. Funct. Foods 2018, 46, 521–528.
  20. Jolanta Nazaruk; Piotr Jakoniuk; Flavonoid composition and antimicrobial activity of Cirsium rivulare (Jacq.) All. flowers. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2005, 102, 208-212, 10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.012.
  21. Do, J.C.; Jung, K.Y.; Son, K.H.; Isolation of pectolinarin from the aerial parts of Cirsium nipponicum. Saengyak Hakhoe Chi 1994, 25, 73-75, .
  22. Yeong-Min Yoo; Jung-Hwan Nam; Min-Young Kim; Jongwon Choi; Hee-Juhn Park; Pectolinarin and Pectolinarigenin of Cirsium setidens Prevent the Hepatic Injury in Rats Caused by D-Galactosamine via an Antioxidant Mechanism.. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2008, 31, 760-764, 10.1248/bpb.31.760.
  23. Nugroho, A.; Lim, S.C.; Karki, S.; Choi, J.S.; Park, H.J.; Quantitative determination of five phenolic peroxynitrite-scavengers in nine korean native compositae herbs. Nat. Prod. Sci 2015, 21, 155-161, .
  24. Jun Hee Lee; Ho Kyung Jung; Yong-Seok Han; Yeo Min Yoon; Chul Won Yun; Hwa Yeon Sun; Hyun Woo Cho; Sang Hun Lee; Antioxidant effects of Cirsium setidens extract on oxidative stress in human mesenchymal stem cells.. Molecular Medicine Reports 2016, 14, 3777-84, 10.3892/mmr.2016.5706.
  25. Min-Sun Kim; Miso Nam; Geum-Sook Hwang; Metabolic Alterations in Two Cirsium Species Identified at Distinct Phenological Stages using UPLC-QTOF/MS. Phytochemical Analysis 2017, 29, 77-86, 10.1002/pca.2716.
  26. Ayumi Uehara; Masashi Nakata; Junichi Kitajima; Tsukasa Iwashina; Internal and external flavonoids from the leaves of Japanese Chrysanthemum species (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2012, 41, 142-149, 10.1016/j.bse.2011.12.020.
  27. Hwan Bae Lee; Jong Hwan Kwak; Ok Pyo Zee; Seung Jo Yoo; Flavonoids fromCirsium rhinoceros. Archives of Pharmacal Research 1994, 17, 273-277, 10.1007/bf02980460.
  28. Yim Soon-Ho; Kim Hyun Jung; Lee Ik-Soo; A polyacetylene and flavonoids fromcirsium rhinoceros. Archives of Pharmacal Research 2003, 26, 128-131, 10.1007/bf02976657.
  29. R.C. Gardner; Acacetin-7-O-rutinoside and pectolinarin from Cirsium coloradense. Phytochemistry 1973, 12, 223, 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)84660-9.
  30. V. L. Shelyuto; V. I. Glyzin; A. I. Ban'kovskii; N. T. Bubon; Flavonoid glycosides of Cirsium oleraceum. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1971, 7, 372-373, 10.1007/bf00569017.
  31. V. L. Shelyuto; V. I. Glyzin; G. N. Yurchenko; L. P. Smirnova; Flavonoids from the flowers ofCirsium oleraceum. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1978, 14, 336, 10.1007/bf00713336.
  32. Gardner, R.C; Systematics of Cirsium (Compositae) in Wyoming. Madrono 1974, 22, 239-265, .
  33. Morita, N.; Fukuta, M.; Shimizu, M.; Studies on the medicinal resources XXIII, Flavonoids of Cirsium plants (Compositae) in Japan. Components of the leaves of Cirsium microspicatum Nakai var. kiotense Kitam., C. dipsicolepis Matsum., C. brevicaule A. Gray, C. matsumurae Nakai, C. yakusimense Masamune, C. amplexifolium Kitam., C. spinosum Kitam., C. tanakae Matsum. subsp. aomorense Kitam. and C. arvense scop. var. setosum Ledeb. Yakugaku Zasshi 1964, 18, 9-11, .
  34. Nakaoki, T.; Morita, N.; Studies on the medicinal resources XIII, Flavonoids of Cirsium plants (Compositae) in Japan. Components of the leaves of Cirsium microspicatum Nakai, C. otayae Kitamura, C. yoshizawae Koidz., C. japonicum DC.; C. purpuratum Matusum. Yakugaku Zasshi 1959, 79, 1338-1340, .
  35. Glyzinm, V.I.; Shelyuto, V.L.; Patudin, A.V.; Bubon, N.T. Flavonoids of Cirsium Mill species. Mater S’ezde. Farm. B SSR 1977, 153–156.
  36. Iwashina, T.; Kadota, Y.; Ueno, T.; Ootani, S.; Foliar flavonoid composition in Japanese Cirsium species (Compositae), and their chemotaxonomic significance. J. Jpn. Bot. 1995, 70, 280-290, .
  37. Christian Abbet; Ivan Slacanin; Elisabetta Corradi; Maria De Mieri; Matthias Hamburger; Olivier Potterat; Comprehensive analysis of Cirsium spinosissimum Scop., a wild alpine food plant. Food Chemistry 2014, 160, 165-170, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.068.
  38. Morita, N.; Lin, C.N.; Studies on the components of Formosan Cirsium species. Part IV. Components of Cirsium arisanense Kitamura and Cirsium ferum Kitamura. Tiawan Yao xue Zazhi 1976, 28, 40-42, .
  39. Tashichiro Nakaoki; Naokata Morita; 中沖太七郎; 直賢 森田; Studies on the Medicinal Resources. XTV. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 1960, 80, 1296-1297, 10.1248/yakushi1947.80.9_1296.
  40. Chung-Nan Lin; Studies on the Components of FormosanCirsiumSpecies.: Part III Flavonoids ofCirsium KawakamiiHayata andCirsium WallichiiDC. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 1975, 22, 275-277, 10.1002/jccs.197500036.
  41. James W. Wallace; Bruce A. Bohm; Cirsimaritin-4′-O-rutinoside, a new flavone glycoside from Cirsium brevistylum. Phytochemistry 1971, 10, 452-454, 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)94074-3.
  42. Sunghun Cho; Jaemin Lee; Yoon Kyoung Lee; Mi Ja Chung; Ki Han Kwon; Sanghyun Lee; Determination of pectolinarin inCirsiumspp. using HPLC/UV analysis. Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 2016, 59, 107-112, 10.3839/jabc.2016.020.
  43. Makboul, A.M.; Abdel-Baki, A.M.; Flavonoids from the leaves of Duranta plumieri. Fitoterapia 1981, 52, 219-220, .
  44. Agung Nugroho; Sang-Cheol Lim; Jeong Su Byeon; Jae Sue Choi; Hee-Juhn Park; Simultaneous quantification and validation of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids in Hemistepta lyrata and peroxynitrite-scavenging activity. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2013, 76, 139-144, 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.12.021.
  45. Gregory G. Laskaris; Dimitris C. Gournelis; Eugene Kokkalou; Phenolics of Picnomon acarna. Journal of Natural Products 1995, 58, 1248-1250, 10.1021/np50122a015.
  46. Leandro R. Simoes; Glauber M. Maciel; Geraldo C Brandão; Jose D.S. Filho; Alaide B. Oliveira; Rachel O. Castilho; Chemical constituents of Distictella elongata (Vahl) Urb. (Bignoniaceae). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 2013, 85, 873-879, 10.1590/S0001-37652013000300003.
  47. Pemaiah Brindha; Ananthathamula Ragamanvitha; Rajendran Narendran; Sridharan Sriram; Vellingiri Vadivel; Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemical Composition of Aqueous Extract of Markhamia lutea (Benth) K. Schum. Leaves. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Reseach 2017, 1, 63-68, 10.26538/tjnpr/v1i2.4.
  48. Ozawa, A.T.; Rivera, P.A.; Romo de Vivar, A.; Active principles of the toxic plant Helenium integrifolium. Rev. Latinoam. Quím 1983, 14, 40-43, .
  49. Kamil, M.S.; Ilyas, M.; Flavonoidic constituents of Rhododendron arboreum leaves. Fitoterapia 1995, 66, 371, .
  50. Yao, Y.; Wu, C.Y.; Hao, Q.; Li, H.Z.; Li, R.T.; Study on chemical constituents of Corallodiscus flabellatus.. J. Kunming Univ. Sci. Tech. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 2012, 37, 64-68, .
  51. Huixin Liu; Haibing Liao; Ke Yuan; [Chemical constituents contained in Aeschynanthus moningeriae].. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2012, 37, 1963-1967, .
  52. Ling Feng; Yu Zhang; Yan-Chun Liu; Yan Liu; Shi-Hong Luo; Chun-Shuai Huang; Sheng-Hong Li; Leucoflavonine, a new bioactive racemic flavoalkaloid from the leaves of Leucosceptrum canum. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2019, 27, 442-446, 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.12.023.
  53. Oganesyan, G.B.; Mnatsakanyan, V.A.; Gacs-Baitz, E.; Radics, L.; Flavonoid glycosides of Teucrium hyrcanicum L.. Armyanskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal 1989, 42, 646-653, .
  54. Manivannan, R.; Aeganathan, R.; Prabakaran, K.; Anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory flavonoid constituents from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis. J. Phytopharmacol. 2015, 4, 212-216, .
  55. Khare, C.P. Indian Medicinal Plants, An Illustrated Dictionary; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2007; p. 423.
  56. Josiane A. Monteiro; Ivânia T.A. Schuquel; Thiago L. De Almeida; Silvana M. De O. Santin; Cleuza C. Da Silva; Lucas U.R. Chiavelli; Ana Lúcia Tasca Gois Ruiz; João E. De Carvalho; Débora Barbosa Vendramini-Costa; Celso V. Nakamura; et al. Oncibauerins A and B, new flavanones from Oncidium baueri (Orchidaceae). Phytochemistry Letters 2014, 9, 141-148, 10.1016/j.phytol.2014.06.004.
  57. Nagela Ferreira; Lucas U.R. Chiavelli; Camila R. Savaris; Silvana M. Oliveira; Diego L. Lucca; Maria A. Milaneze-Gutierre; Ricardo T. Faria; Armando M. Pomini; Chemical study of the flowers of the orchid Oncidium baueri Lindley and their visiting bees Trigona spinipes Fabricius. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2019, 86, 103918, 10.1016/j.bse.2019.103918.
  58. Roh, J.H.; Zee, O.P.; Moon, H.I.; Phytochemical Constituents from Melampyrum roseum var. hirsutum Beauv.. Korean J. Pharmacol. 2006, 31, 157-162, .
  59. Qing Liu; Qi-Ming Yang; Hai-Jun Hu; Li Yang; Ying-Bo Yang; Gui-Xin Chou; Zhengtao Wang; Bioactive Diterpenoids and Flavonoids from the Aerial Parts ofScoparia dulcis. Journal of Natural Products 2014, 77, 1594-1600, 10.1021/np500150f.
  60. Moon, K.I.; Min, B.S.; Lee, H.K.; Zee, O.P.; Antioxidant compounds of Oryza sativa L. . Saengyak Hakhoechi 2002, 33, 173-176, .
  61. Man Liao; Xiaoye Cheng; Xia Zhang; Xinpeng Diao; Caijuan Liang; Lantong Zhang; Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Active Constituents in Trollius ledebourii. Journal of Chromatographic Science 2018, 56, 619-635, 10.1093/chromsci/bmy035.
  62. Zhou, J.; Xie, G.; Yan, X. Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines—Molecular Structures, Pharmacological Activities, Natural Sources and Applications; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2010; Volume 4, p. 173.
  63. Karar, M.G.E.; Kuhnert, N.; UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS Characterization of phenolics from Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus laevigata (Hawthorn) leaves, fruits and their herbal derived drops (Crataegutt Tropfen).. J. Chem. Biol. Ther. 2015, 1, 102-125, .
  64. Zou, Y.; Hong, M.; Yang, X.f.; Isolation of chemical components from Thesium chinense.. Zhongguo Shiyan Fangjixue Zazhi 2016, 22, 74-77, .
  65. L. P. Kuptsova; A. I. Ban'kovskii; New flavonoid from some species of toadflax. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1970, 6, 128-129, 10.1007/bf00564177.
  66. Ilieva, E.; Handjieva, N.; Bankova, V.; Popov, S.; Evstatieva, L.; Iridoid and flavonoid glycosides from Linaria species. Bulg. Chem. Commun. 1992, 25, 400-406, .
  67. Hua, H.; Sun, J.; Li, X.; Flavonoids from yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris).. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs. 1999, 30, 332-334, .
  68. Mun, G.S.; Song, H.Y.; Kim, I.G.; Analysis of flavonoid-components of Linaria Japonica Miq. Punsok Hwahak 1979, 3, 28-32, .
  69. Hideaki Otsuka; Isolation of Isolinariins A and B, New Flavonoid Glycosides from Linaria japonica. Journal of Natural Products 1992, 55, 1252-1255, 10.1021/np50087a011.
  70. Retno Widyowati; Sachiko Sugimoto; Yoshi Yamano; Sukardiman; Hideaki Otsuka; Katsuyoshi Matsunami; New Isolinariins C, D and E, Flavonoid Glycosides from Linaria japonica. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 2016, 64, 517-521, 10.1248/cpb.c16-00073.
  71. Rosa Tundis; Brigitte Deguin; Monica R. Loizzo; Marco Bonesi; Giancarlo A. Statti; François Tillequin; Francesco Menichini; Potential antitumor agents: Flavones and their derivatives from Linaria reflexa Desf.. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2005, 15, 4757-4760, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.029.
  72. Cheriet, T.; Aouabdia, S.; Mancini, I.; Defant, A.; Seghiri, R.; Boumaza, O.; Mekkiou, R.; Sarri, D.; León, F.; Brouard, I.; et al. Chemical constituents of Linaria reflexa Desf. (Scrophulariaceae). Der Pharm. Lett. 2014, 6, 54-57, .
  73. Thamere Cheriet; Mourad Hanfer; Amel Boudjelal; Nadir Baali; Ines Mancini; Ramdane Seghiri; Souad Ameddah; Ahmed Menad; Samir Benayache; Samir Benayache; et al. Glycosyl flavonoid profile, in vivo antidiabetic and in vitro antioxidant properties of Linaria reflexa Desf.. Natural Product Research 2017, 31, 2042-2048, 10.1080/14786419.2016.1274889.
  74. Thamere Cheriet; Mourad Hanfer; Ines Mancini; Samiha Benelhadj; Nour Essabah Laouas; Souad Ameddah; Ahmed Menad; Ramdane Seghiri; Anti-inflammatory and hemostatic effects of Linaria reflexa Desf.. Natural Product Research 2019, null, 1-6, 10.1080/14786419.2019.1663516.
  75. L. P. Smirnova; K. I. Boryaev; A. I. Ban'kovskii; Acacetin and its glycosides in plants of the genus Linaria. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1974, 10, 96-97, 10.1007/bf00568249.
  76. Lahloub, M.F.; Flavonoid, phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides of Linaria haelava (Forssk.) Dil.. Mansoura J. Pharm. Sci. 1992, 8, 78-95, .
  77. Meroua Ahmedchaouch; Thamere Cheriet; Giangiacomo Beretta; Djamel Sarri; Chawki Bensouici; Rayene Ouelbani; Ines Mancini; Ines Sekhara; Ramdane Seghiri; Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activities of Linaria scariosa Desf.. Natural Product Research 2019, null, 1-5, 10.1080/14786419.2019.1629913.
  78. M. P. Yuldashev; V. M. Malikov; E. Kh. Batirov; Flavonoids of the epigeal part ofKickxia elatine. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1996, 32, 30-32, 10.1007/bf01373784.
  79. Amer, M.M.A.; Glycosides of Kickxia heterophylla (Schousb.) Dandy in Andrews. Alex. J. Pharm. Sci. 1993, 7, 58-61, .
  80. Khan, I.Z.; Aqil, M.; Isolation and identification of pectolinarin and mannitol from Kickxia ramosissima (Wall). Chem. Environ. Res. 1993, 2, 287-289, .
  81. Viqar Uddin Ahmad; Farzana Kousar; Muhammad Zubair; Afsar Khan; M. Shaiq Ali; M. Iqbal Choudhary; Bilge Şener; A new iridoid glycoside from Linaria genestifolia. Fitoterapia 2006, 77, 12-14, 10.1016/j.fitote.2005.06.008.
  82. Adnan J. Al-Rehaily; Maged S. Abdel-Kader; Mohammad S. Ahmad; Jaber S. Mossa; Iridoid glucosides from Kickxia abhaica D.A. Sutton from Scrophulariaceae. Phytochemistry 2006, 67, 429-432, 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.021.
  83. Alessandro Venditti; Claudio Frezza; Ilaria Serafini; Alessandro Ciccola; Fabio Sciubba; Armandodoriano Bianco; Iridoids of Chemotaxonomy Relevance, a New Antirrhinoside Ester and Other Constituents from Kickxia spuria subsp. integrifolia (Brot .) R.Fern .. Chemistry & Biodiversity 2018, 15, e1700473, 10.1002/cbdv.201700473.
  84. Kassem, F.F.; Flavonoids of Kickxia aegyptiaca (Dum.) Nabelek.. Alex. J. Pharm. Sci. 1992, 6, 62-65, .
  85. Ye-Sook Jeon; Mi-Won Kim; The Antioxidative Effects and Isolation and Characterization of the Extracts from Morus alba L.. The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition 2011, 24, 94-100, 10.9799/ksfan.2011.24.1.094.
  86. Pan, W.D.; Mai, L.T.; Li, Y.J.; Xu, X.L.; Yu, D.Q.; Studies on the chemical constituents of the leaves of Lantana camara. Acta Pharma. Sin. 1993, 28, 35-39, .
  87. Shashi B. Mahato; Niranjan P. Sahu; Subodh K. Roy; Om P. Sharma; Potential antitumor agents from Lantana camara : Structures of flavonoid -, and phenylpropanoid glycosides. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 9439-9446, 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85518-6.
  88. Sabira Begum; Aneela Wahab; Bina Shaheen Siddiqui; Fatima Qamar; Nematicidal constituents of the aerial parts of Lantana camara.. Journal of Natural Products 2000, 63, 765-767, 10.1021/np9903548.
  89. Juang, F.C.; Chen, Y.F.; Lin, F.M.; Huang, K.F.; Constituents from the leaves of Lantana camara (IV). J. Chin. Med. 2005, 16, 149-155, .
  90. Erlânio O. Sousa; João B. T. Rocha; Luiz M. Barros; Adriana R.C. Barros; José Galberto Martins Da Costa; Phytochemical characterization and in vitro antioxidant properties of Lantana camara L. and Lantana montevidensis Briq. Industrial Crops and Products 2013, 43, 517-522, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.07.058.
  91. Delfly B. Abdjul; Hiroyuki Yamazaki; Wilmar Maarisit; Henki Rotinsulu; Defny S. Wewengkang; Deiske A. Sumilat; Magie Melanie Kapojos; Fitje Losung; Kazuyo Ukai; Michio Namikoshi; et al. Oleanane triterpenes with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity from aerial parts of Lantana camara collected in Indonesia and Japan. Phytochemistry 2017, 144, 106-112, 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.020.
  92. Gabriel Rocha Martins; Thamirys Silva Da Fonseca; Lucero Martínez-Fructuoso; Rosineide Costa Simas; Fabio T. Silva; Fatima Regina G. Salimena; Daniela S. Alviano; Celuta Sales Alviano; Gilda Guimarães Leitão; Rogelio Pereda-Miranda; et al. Antifungal Phenylpropanoid Glycosides from Lippia rubella. Journal of Natural Products 2019, 82, 566-572, 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00975.
  93. V Winnett; H Boyer; J Sirdaarta; I E Cock; The potential of tasmannia lanceolata as a natural preservative and medicinal agent: antimicrobial activity and toxicity. Pharmacognosy Communications 2014, 4, 42-52, 10.5530/pc.2014.1.7.
  94. Farieha Hussain; Nazish Jahan; Khalil Ur Rahman; Bushra Sultana; Saba Jamil; Identification of Hypotensive Biofunctional Compounds of Coriandrum sativum and Evaluation of Their Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Potential. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2018, 2018, 1-11, 10.1155/2018/4643736.
  95. Umikalsom, Y.; Harborne, J.B.; Flavonoid distribution in Asplenioid ferns. Pertanika 1991, 14, 297-300, .
  96. Umikalsom, Y.; Flavone O-glycosides and other flavonoids of Malaysian Asplenium L. Pertanika 1991, 14, 149-152, .
  97. Eckhard Wollenweber; Marion Dörr; Diego Rivera; James N. Roitman; Externally accumulated flavonoids in three Mediterranean Ononis species.. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 2004, 58, 771-775, 10.1515/znc-2003-11-1202.
  98. Jun-Yu Liang; Jie Xu; Ya-Zhou Shao; Ying-Ying Yang; Pei-Yu Lu; Jun-Long Wang; Shu-Shan Du; Chemical constituents from the aerial sections of Ajania potaninii. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2019, 84, 64-66, 10.1016/j.bse.2019.04.003.
  99. Eckhard Wollenweber; Dagmar Hradetzky; Karin Mann; James N. Roitman; George Yatskievych; Margareta Proksch; Peter Proksch; Exudate Flavonoids from Aerial Parts of Five Ambrosia Species. Journal of Plant Physiology 1987, 131, 37-43, 10.1016/s0176-1617(87)80265-1.
  100. Thomas J. Schmidt; Günter Willuhn; Sesquiterpene lactone and flavonoid variability of the Arnica angustifolia aggregate (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2000, 28, 133-142, 10.1016/s0305-1978(99)00043-5.
  101. Wollenweber, E.; On the distribution of exudate flavonoids among angiosperms. Rev. Lat. Quim 1990, 21, 115-121, .
  102. Todorova, M.; Staneva, J.; Evstatieva, L.; Phytochemical study of Arnica chamissonis less. subsp. foliosa (Nutt.) Maguire.. C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 2008, 61, 451-454, .
  103. Poplawski, J.; Holub, M.; Samek, Z.; Herout, V. Terpenes.; CCIX. Arnicolides - sesquiterpenic lactones from the leaves of Arnica montana.. Coll. Czech Chem. Commun. 1971, 36, 2189-2199, .
  104. Jinfeng Hu; Qixiu Zhu; Suping Bai; Zhongjian Jia; New Eudesmane Sesquiterpene and Other Constituents from Artemisia mongolica. Planta Medica 1996, 62, 477-478, 10.1055/s-2006-957946.
  105. Nabiel A.M. Saleh; Sabry I. El-Negoumy; Mamdouh M. Abou-Zaid; Flavonoids of Artemisia judaica, A. Monosperma and A. herba-alba. Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 3059-3064, 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)84593-8.
  106. L. M. Belenovskaya; L. P. Markova; G. I. Kapranova; Phenolic compounds ofArtemisia xerophytica. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1982, 18, 115-115, 10.1007/bf00581612.
  107. E. A. Kul'magambetova; L. N. Pribytkova; S. M. Adekenov; Flavonoids ofArtemisia glabella. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 2000, 36, 95-96, 10.1007/bf02234914.
  108. Ye Yin; Fang-Yuan Gong; Xing-Xin Wu; Yang Sun; Yi-Hua Li; Ting Chen; Qiang Xu; Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect of flavones isolated from Artemisia vestita. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2008, 120, 1-6, 10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.029.
  109. Hazel Sharp; Barbara Bartholomew; Colin Bright; Zahid Latif; Satyajit D Sarker; Robert J Nash; 6-Oxygenated flavones from Baccharis trinervis (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2001, 29, 105-107, 10.1016/s0305-1978(00)00019-3.
  110. Rojas, J.; Morales, A.; Study of the chemical components of Baccharis decussata (K) hieron. Ciencia (Maracaibo) 2000, 8, 251-256, .
  111. Zamorano, R.; Aguirre, M.E.; Munoz de la Pena, A.; Cordano, G.; Medina, J.; Timmermann, B.; Flavonoids from Baccharis concava Pers. Bol. Soc. Chil. Quim. 1987, 32, 101-103, .
  112. Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero; Alexis Bonfim-Melo; Carlos Eduardo P. Corbett; Márcia D. Laurenti; Marcos H. Toyama; Daniela O. De Toyama; Paulete Romoff; Oriana A. Fávero; Simone S. Dos Grecco; Cynthia A. Zalewsky; et al. Anti-leishmanial effects of purified compounds from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella C. DC. (Asteraceae). Parasitology Research 2010, 108, 529-536, 10.1007/s00436-010-2091-8.
  113. C. Weimann; Ulf Göransson; P. Claeson; L. Bohlin; H. Rimpler; M. Heinrich; U. Pongprayoon-Claeson; Spasmolytic effects of Baccharis conferta and some of its constituents. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2002, 54, 99-104, 10.1211/0022357021771797.
  114. Mosharrafa, S.A.M.; Mansour, R.M.A.; Abou-Zaid, M.; Saleh, N.A.M.; Some biologically active flavonoids from Egyptian members of the Compositae. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiopia 1994, 8, 9-13, .
  115. Luz Cardona; Isabel Fernández; Jose R. Pedro; Beatriz Pérez; Sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids from Centaurea aspera. Phytochemistry 1991, 30, 2331-2333, 10.1016/0031-9422(91)83643-y.
  116. Halfon, B.; Oksuz, S.; Cirpici, A.; Flavonoids from Centaurea cariensis Boiss.. Doga: Turk. Saglik. Bilimleri. Dergisi. 1989, 13, 138-140, .
  117. Isabel Fernández; Begoña García; Francesc J. Grancha; Jose R. Pedro; Sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids and coumarins from Centaurea collina. Phytochemistry 1989, 28, 2405-2407, 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97993-7.
  118. Dezső Csupor; Ute Widowitz; Gábor Blazsó; Eszter Laczko Zold; Joel S. N. Tatsimo; Ágnes Balogh; Klára Boros; Balazs Danko; Rudolf Bauer; Judit Hohmann; et al. Anti-inflammatory Activities of ElevenCentaureaSpecies Occurring in the Carpathian Basin. Phytotherapy Research 2012, 27, 540-544, 10.1002/ptr.4754.
  119. Antoaneta Trendafilova; Milka Todorova; Svetlana Bancheva; Secondary metabolites from Centaurea moesiaca. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2007, 35, 544-548, 10.1016/j.bse.2007.01.008.
  120. Mahmoud Mosaddegh; Majid Tavakoli; Sahar Behzad; Constituents of the Aerial Parts of Centaurea behen. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 2018, 54, 1015-1017, 10.1007/s10600-018-2539-0.
  121. Supakanya Kumkarnjana; Ubonthip Nimmannit; Thongchai Koobkokkruad; Chutichot Pattamadilok; Rutt Suttisri; Nontima Vardhanabhuti; Anti-adipogenic effect of flavonoids from Chromolaena odorata leaves in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Integrative Medicine 2018, 16, 427-434, 10.1016/j.joim.2018.10.002.
  122. R. M. Perez G.; E. Ramirez L. M.; R. Vargas S.; Effect ofCirsium pascuarense on blood glucose levels of normoglycaemic and alloxan-diabetic mice. Phytotherapy Research 2001, 15, 552-554, 10.1002/ptr.882.
  123. Hyun Lim; Kun Ho Son; Hyeun Wook Chang; Kihwan Bae; Sam Sik Kang; Hyun Pyo Kim; Anti-inflammatory activity of pectolinarigenin and pectolinarin isolated from Cirsium chanroenicum.. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2008, 31, 2063-2067, 10.1248/bpb.31.2063.
  124. Mingqian Lu; Xinhua Xu; Chao Tan; Kezhi Shi; Rong Guo; Qingzhi Kong; Evaluation of Anti-tumor and Chemoresistance-lowering Effects of Pectolinarigenin from Cirsium japonicum Fisch ex DC in Breast Cancer. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2016, 15, 547-533, 10.4314/tjpr.v15i3.16.
  125. Zia Ul Haq Khan; Farman Ali; Shafi Ullah Khan; Irshad Ali; Phytochemical study on the constituents from Cirsium arvense. Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 2011, 1, 64-69, 10.13171/mjc.1.2.2011.07.10.00.
  126. Lee, J.H.; Lee, K.R.; Phytochemical constituents of Cirsium nipponicum (MAX.) Makino. Saengyak Hakhoechi 2005, 36, 145-150, .
  127. Chung, A.K.; Kwon, H.C.; Choi, S.Z.; Min, Y.D.; Lee, S.O.; Lee, W.B.; Yang, M.C.; Lee, K.H.; Nam, J.H.; Kwak, J.H.; et al. Norisoprenoids from Cirsium rhinoceros. Saengyak Hakhoechi 2002, 33, 81-84, .
  128. Zhu, S.H.; Zhang, Q.j.; Chen, Q.; Zhou, T.; Yao, R.J.; [Study on the chemical constituents of Dichrocephala integrifolia].. Zhongguo Shiyan Fangjixue Zazhi 2010, 16, 34-36, .
  129. Mark W. Bierner; Pectolinarigenin from Dugaldia pinetorum (Standl.) Bierner. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1994, 22, 109-110, 10.1016/0305-1978(94)90121-x.
  130. C. Zdero; F. Bohlmann; M. Muller; Sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents from Eriocephalus species. Phytochemistry 1987, 26, 2763-2775, 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)83588-8.
  131. Jan F. Stevens; Elizabeth T. Elema; Eckhard Wollenweber; Exudate flavonoids of Eupatorium cannabinum. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1995, 23, 451-452, 10.1016/0305-1978(95)00011-i.
  132. Yuan, J.; Yang, J.; Miao, J.; Chemical constituents of Eupatorium odoratum. Zhongcaoyao 2005, 36, 1771-1773, .
  133. Bin Wu; Jie Liang; Pectolinarigenin promotes functional recovery and inhibits apoptosis in rats following spinal cord injuries. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2019, 17, 3877-3882, 10.3892/etm.2019.7456.
  134. Werner Herz; Serengolam V. Govindan; Narendra Kumar; Sesquiterpene lactones and other constituents of Eupatorium lancifolium and E. semiserratum. Phytochemistry 1981, 20, 1343-1347, 10.1016/0031-9422(81)80035-0.
  135. Yu Xiao; Kai Li; Ziyi Wang; Fangsheng Fu; Siyuan Shao; Fangming Song; Yun Zhao; Weiwei Chen; Qian Liu; Jiake Xu; et al. Pectolinarigenin prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice and inhibits RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis via blocking activation of MAPK and NFATc1 signaling. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2019, 234, 13959-13968, 10.1002/jcp.28079.
  136. Barbara Timmermann; Eckhard Wollenweber; Marion Dörr; Sylvia Armbruster; Karin Vetschera; Eduardo R. Fuentes; External Flavonoids in Two Grindelia Species. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 1994, 49, 395-398, 10.1515/znc-1994-5-618.
  137. Rosana Alarcón; Soledad Ocampos; Adriana Pacciaroni; Cristina Colloca; Virginia Sosa; Constituents of Gutierrezia mandonii (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2009, 37, 683-685, 10.1016/j.bse.2009.08.001.
  138. Xian-Guo He; Long-Ze Lin; Li-Zhi Lian; Analysis of flavonoids from red clover by liquid chromatography—electrospray mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1996, 755, 127-132, 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00578-x.
  139. Anibal L Rojo; Patricia S Palacios; Cristina Acevedo; Etile D Spegazzini; Silvia L DeBenedetti; 6-Methoxyflavonoids from Heterotheca latifolia (Asteraceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2004, 32, 351-353, 10.1016/j.bse.2003.07.006.
  140. Ahmed A. Ahmed; Ahmed Y. Mohamed; Otmar Spring; Mark W. Bierner; Tom J. Mabry; Sesquiterpene lactones and flavonoids from Hymenoxys jamesii (Asteraceae) and their systematic significance. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2002, 30, 487-491, 10.1016/s0305-1978(01)00100-4.
  141. L. Farkas; M. Nogradi; V. Sudarsanam; Werner Herz; Constituents of Iva Species. V. Isolation, Structure, and Synthesis of Nevadensin, a New Flavone from Iva Nevadensis M. E. Jones and Iva Acerosa (Nutt.) Jackson1,2. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 1966, 31, 3228-3232, 10.1021/jo01348a031.
  142. Werner Herz; S.V. Bhat; V. Sudarsanam; Sesquiterpene lactones and flavones of Iva frutescens. Phytochemistry 1972, 11, 1829-1831, 10.1016/0031-9422(72)85045-3.
  143. Maria Inés Ybarra; César A.N. Catalan; Jesus Ildefonso Díaz; Werner Herz; A cyperane and trixanes from Jungia polita. Phytochemistry 1992, 31, 3627-3629, 10.1016/0031-9422(92)83741-g.
  144. Hilaire Chivers; R. E. Corbett; R. E. M. Mitchell; Extractives from the leaves of Olearia paniculata. Journal of the Chemical Society C: Organic 1966, 20, 1814, 10.1039/j39660001814.
  145. Luz Cardona; Begon˜a Garcia; Jose R. Pedro; Jorge F. Sinisterra; Flavonoids, flavonolignans and a phenylpropanoid from Onopordon corymbosum. Phytochemistry 1990, 29, 629-631, 10.1016/0031-9422(90)85131-x.
  146. Gonzalez Collado, I, Macias, FA, Massanet, GM, Oliva, J, Maria Rodriguez Luis, F, Vergara, C; Chemical components of Onopordum nervosum Boiss. Anales de Quimica, Serie C Quimica Organica y Bioquimica 1984, 80, 100-101, .
  147. M. Becchi; M. Carrier; 6-Methoxy Flavones of Santolina chamaecyparissus. Planta Medica 1980, 38, 267-268, 10.1055/s-2008-1074873.
  148. Guido Flamini; G. Ghelli; L. Pistelli; I. Morelli; Phenolic Compounds from Santolina pinnata. Planta Medica 1994, 60, 97-97, 10.1055/s-2006-959423.
  149. I. D. Sham'yanov; E. Kh. Batirov; M. P. Yuldashev; A. Mallabaev; Components ofSaussurea elegans. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1983, 19, 763-764, 10.1007/bf00575206.
  150. Adriana Del V. Pacciaroni; Virginia E. Sosa; Luís Ariza Espinar; Juan C. Oberti; Sesquiterpene lactones from Schkuhria pinnata. Phytochemistry 1995, 39, 127-131, 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00914-f.
  151. Yan-Ru Deng; Ai-Xin Song; Han-Qing Wang; Chemical Components ofSeriphidium SantoliumPoljak. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 2004, 51, 629-636, 10.1002/jccs.200400094.
  152. Ortega, A.; Mondragon, P.; Maldonado, E.; Guaianolides of Stevia laxiflora. Rev. Soc. Quim. Mex. 1999, 43, 100-102, .
  153. Oluwaseun Ruth Alara; Nour Hamid Abdurahman; Chinonso Ishmael Ukaegbu; Nour Hamid Azhari; Nassereldeen Ahmed Kabbashi; Metabolic profiling of flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids in the extract fromVernonia cinerealeaf using LC-Q-TOF-MS. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 2018, 41, 722-731, 10.1080/10826076.2018.1511995.
  154. Eckhard Wollenweber; Marie-Louise Bouillant; Philipp Lebreton; Kurt Egger; Seltene Flavonoid-Aglykone im lipophilen Exkret von Alnus glutinosa / Rare Flavonoid-aglycones in the Lipophil Excretion of Alnus glutinosa. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 1971, 26, 1188-1190, 10.1515/znb-1971-1121.
  155. Eckhard Wollenweber; Flavonoids from Alnus crispa, A. Japonica, A. Koehnei and A. Sinuata. Phytochemistry 1974, 13, 2318-2319, 10.1016/0031-9422(74)85049-1.
  156. Popravko, S.A.; Kononenko, G.P.; Tikhomirova, V.I.; Vul’fson, N.S.; Secondary metabolites of the birch. IV. Identification of the group of flavonoid aglycons in birch buds (Betula verrucosa). Bioorg. Khim. 1979, 5, 1662-1667, .
  157. Valery A. Isidorov; Lukasz Szoka; Jolanta Nazaruk; Cytotoxicity of white birch bud extracts: Perspectives for therapy of tumours. PLOS ONE 2018, 13, e0201949, 10.1371/journal.pone.0201949.
  158. Takeshi Hase; Kazuhiro Ohtani; Ryoji Kasai; Kazuo Yamasaki; Chayan Picheansoonthon; Revised structure for hortensin, a flavonoid from Millingtonia hortensis. Phytochemistry 1995, 40, 287-290, 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00206-m.
  159. Kou Wang; Ming-Ming Li; Xuan-Qin Chen; Li-Yan Peng; Xiao Cheng; Yan Li; Qin‐Shi Zhao; Phenolic constituents from Brainea insignis.. CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 2010, 58, 868-871, 10.1248/cpb.58.868.
  160. John D. Bacon; Gary L. Hannan; Nianbai Fang; Tom J. Mabry; Chemosystematics of the hydrophyllaceae: Flavonoids of three species of eriodictyon. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1986, 14, 591-595, 10.1016/0305-1978(86)90039-6.
  161. Agnese, A.M.; Juliani, H.R.; Cabrera, J.L.; Phytochemical study of species of genus Adesmia (Fabaceae). Anales de la Asociacion Quimica Argentina 1989, 77, 287-291, .
  162. Pu, X.; Zhou, J.; Studies on the chemical components from Leucosceptrum canum. Yunnan Zhiwu Yanjiu 1989, 11, 263-266, .
  163. Farouk Zaidi; Bernard Voirin; Maurice Jay; Marie Rose Viricel; Free flavonoid aglycones from leaves of mentha pulegium and mentha suaveolens (labiatae). Phytochemistry 1998, 48, 991-994, 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)01042-x.
  164. Roberto F. Vieira; R.J Grayer; Alan J. Paton; Chemical profiling of Ocimum americanum using external flavonoids.. Phytochemistry 2003, 63, 555-567, 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00143-2.
  165. Abdelshafeek, K.A.; Elgendy, H.A.; El Missiry, M.M.; Seif El Nasr, M.M.; Structure elucidation of phenolic acids, flavonoids and hypocholesterolemic activity of Nepeta septemcrenata and Otostegia fruticosa. . Der Pharm. Chem. 2016, 8, 357-362, .
  166. Ulubelen, A.; Öztürk, S.; Iśildatici, S.; A new flavone from Salvia triloba L.f (Labiatae). J. Pharm. Sci. 1968, 57, 1037-1038, .
  167. Eckhard Wollenweber; Marion Dörr; Abdolhossein Rustaiyan; James N. Roitman; Earl H. Graven; Notes: Exudate Flavonoids of Some Salvia and a Trichostema Species. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 1992, 47, 782-784, 10.1515/znc-1992-9-1025.
  168. Ulubelen, A.; Tuzlaci, E.; Flavonoids and triterpenoids from Salvia euphratica and S. longipedicellata. Fitoterapia 1990, 61, 185, .
  169. Gulacti Topcu; Ayhan Ulubelen; Timothy C.-M. Tam; Chun Tao-Che; Gülaçtı Topçu; Sesterterpenes and other constituents of Salvia yosgadensis. Phytochemistry 1996, 42, 1089-1092, 10.1016/0031-9422(96)00041-6.
  170. Han, G.H.; Li, Z.L.; Sun, L.; Hua, H.M.; Chemical constituents of the whole herbs of Salvia plebeia R. Br.. Shenyang Yaoke Daxue Xuebao 2009, 26, 896-899, .
  171. Kolak, U.; New diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Salvia pilifera. Turk. J. Chem. 2007, 31, 363-369, .
  172. Milena Nikolova; Renee J. Grayer; Elena Genova; Elaine A. Porter; Exudate flavonoids from Bulgarian species of Salvia. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2006, 34, 360-364, 10.1016/j.bse.2005.11.006.
  173. Davydov, V.S.; Nikitina, G.K.; Bandyukova, V.A.; Flavonoids in aerial parts of Scutellaria polyodon Juz. Rastitel’nye Resursy 1991, 27, 50-54, .
  174. M. F. Denikeeva; V. I. Litvinenko; L. I. Borodin; Flavonoid compounds of Scutellaria przewalskii. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1970, 6, 552-555, 10.1007/bf00563438.
  175. Gonzalez, A.G.; Fraga, B.M.; Hernandez, M.G.; Larruga, F.; Luis, J.G.; Ravelo, A.G.; Flavones from some canary species of Sideritis. Lloydia 1978, 41, 279-280, .
  176. A. Ulubelen; Gulacti Topcu; U. Kaya; Steroidal compounds from Teucrium chamaedrys subsp. Chamaedrys. Phytochemistry 1994, 36, 171-173, 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)97033-x.
  177. Petar Marin; R.J Grayer; Geoffrey C. Kite; V Matevski; External leaf flavonoids of Thymus species from Macedonia. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2003, 31, 1291-1307, 10.1016/s0305-1978(03)00040-1.
  178. Davydov, V.S.; Nikitina, G.K.; Bandyukova, V.A.; Flavonoids in aerial parts of Scutellaria polyodon Juz. Rastitel’nye Resursy 1991, 27, 50-54, .
  179. Odile Thoison; Thierry Sévenet; Hermann M. Niemeyer; Graeme B. Russell; Insect antifeedant compounds from Nothofagus dombeyi and N. pumilio. Phytochemistry 2004, 65, 2173-2176, 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.002.
  180. Sedat Imre; Sezen Islimyeli; Aysel Öztunç; Nadir Büyüktimkin; Flavonoid Aglycones in some Digitalis Species. Planta Medica 1984, 50, 360-360, 10.1055/s-2007-969735.
  181. Aqil, M.; Flavonoids from Striga passargei. Ultra Sci. Phys. Sci. 1995, 7, 105-107, .
  182. Aqil, M.; Khan, I.Z.; Cirsimiaritin 5-galactoside from Striga aspera. Sci. Phys. Sci. 1993, 5, 95-97, .
  183. Olusegun Abayomi Olalere; Hamid Nour Abdurahman; Chee-Yuen Gan; Microwave-enhanced extraction and mass spectrometry fingerprints of polyphenolic constituents in Sesamum indicum leaves. Industrial Crops and Products 2019, 131, 151-159, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.024.
  184. A. Hiermann; Th. Kartnig; Flavonoide in den Blättern von Digitalis lanata (EHRHART). Planta Medica 1978, 34, 225-226, 10.1055/s-0028-1097445.
  185. Nigel B. Perry; Lysa Foster; Antiviral and Antifungal Flavonoids, plus a Triterpene, from Hebe cupressoides. Planta Medica 1994, 60, 491-492, 10.1055/s-2006-959549.
  186. Nikolova, M.; Gevrenova, R.; A HPLC Analysis on Interpopulational Variations in the Flavonoid Composition of Veronica chamaedrys. International Journal of Botany 2006, 2, 7-10, 10.3923/ijb.2006.7.10.
  187. Lujun Yin; Haiyan Han; Xue Zheng; Gen Wang; Ying Li; Wei Wang; Flavonoids analysis and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of crude and purified extracts from Veronicastrum latifolium. Industrial Crops and Products 2019, 137, 652-661, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.007.
  188. Xia Liu; Qian Yang; Yuzhu Lu; Yuan Li; Tongtong Li; Boyang Zhou; Liping Qiao; Effect of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) extract on anti-browning of fresh-cut potato slices during storage. Food Chemistry 2019, 283, 445-453, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.058.
  189. Wei, J.; Li, D.; Hua, H.; Li, Z.; Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from flowers of Trollius chinensis (II). J. Shenyang Pharm. Univ. 2012, 29, 12-15, .
  190. Papanov, G.; Malakov, P.; Tomova, K.; Aromatic compounds, flavones, and glycosides from extracted flowers of Rosa damascena. Nauchni Trudove-Plovdivski Universitet Paisii Khilendarski 1984, 22, 221-226, .
  191. Eckhard Wollenweber; Marion Dörr; Flavonoid aglycones from the lipophilic exudates of some species of Rosaceae. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2008, 36, 481-483, 10.1016/j.bse.2007.12.004.
  192. Ashok K. Singhal; Ram P. Sharma; Gopalakrishna Thyagarajan; Werner Herz; Serengolam V. Govindan; New prenylated isoflavones and a prenylated dihydroflavonol from Millettia pachycarpa. Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 929-934, 10.1016/0031-9422(80)85140-5.
  193. Singh, M.; Prakash, L.; A new flavone glycoside and other chemical constituents from Kickxia ramosissima Wall. (Scrophulariaceae). Pharmazie 1987, 42, 490-491, .
  194. Khan, I.Z.; Aqil, M.; Kolo, B.G.; A new flavone glycoside Kickxia ramosissima (Wall). Ultra Sci. Phys. Sci. 2001, 13, 112-115, .
  195. Adnan Amin; Emmy Tuenter; Kenn Foubert; Jamhsed Iqbal; Paul Cos; Louis Maes; Vassiliki Exarchou; Sandra Apers; L Pieters; In Vitro and In Silico Antidiabetic and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Constituents from Kickxia ramosissima (Nanorrhinum ramosissimum). Frontiers in Pharmacology 2017, 8, 232, 10.3389/fphar.2017.00232.
  196. My-Linh Bui; R.J Grayer; Nigel C Veitch; Geoffrey C. Kite; Hung Tran; Quynh-Cu K Nguyen; Uncommon 8-oxygenated flavonoids from Limnophila aromatica (Scrophulariaceae). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2004, 32, 943-947, 10.1016/j.bse.2004.03.001.
  197. V. V. Stetskov; B. A. Krivut; Chromatospectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of pectolinarigenin inLinaria vulgaris andL. kurdica. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 1982, 18, 553-555, 10.1007/bf00575036.
  198. Srikumar Pal; A. Chowdhury; N. Adityachaudhury; Isolation of rice weevil feeding inhibitors uncinatone and pectolinarigenin from Clerodendron siphonenthus. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1989, 37, 234-236, 10.1021/jf00085a054.
  199. A. S. Barua; S. Pal; A. Chowdhury; N. Adityachaudhury; ChemInform Abstract: Occurrence of Pectolinarigenin and Cirsimaritin in Clerodendron siphonanthus. ChemInform 1989, 20, 198, 10.1002/chin.198934341.
  200. S.Sankara Subramanian; A.G.R. Nair; Scutellarein and pectolinaringenin from the leaves of Clerodendron phlomides and Duranta repens. Phytochemistry 1972, 11, 3095-3096, 10.1016/0031-9422(72)80123-7.
  201. Seth, K.K.; Pandey, V.B.; Dasgupta, B.; Flavonoids of Clerodendron phlomidis flowers. Pharmazie 1982, 37, 74-75, .
  202. Roy, R.; Pandey, V.B.; Flavonoids of Clerodendron phlomidis. Indian J. Nat. Prod. 1995, 11, 13-14, .
  203. Chelliah Muthu; Kathirvelu Baskar; Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan; S. Ignacimuthu; Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi; Bioefficacy of pectolinaringenin from Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. F. against Anopheles stephensi and bhendi fruit borer, Earias vittella fab.. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 2015, 58, 358-366, 10.1590/s1516-8913201500481.
  204. Singh, M.K.; Khare, G.; Iyer, S.K.; Sharwan, G.; Tripathi, D.K.; Clerodendrum serratum: A clinical approach.. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2012, 2, 11-15, .
  205. T.N.C. Vendantham; S.Sankara Subramanian; J.B. Harborne; 4′-Methylscutellarein and pectolinarigenin from Clerodendron inerme. Phytochemistry 1977, 16, 294-294, 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)86814-4.
  206. Chethana, G.S.; Savitha, H.; Jyothi, N.; Hari Venkatesh, K.R.; Gopinath, S.M.; Pharmacognostic investigations on different parts of Clerodendrum inerme.. Glob. J. Res. Med. Plants Indigen. Med. 2013, 2, 485-491, .
  207. Ganapaty, S.; Rao, D.V.; Constituents of Clerodendrum neriifolium. Fitoterapia 1989, 60, 381, .
  208. Rahman, A.A.; Azam, A.T.M.Z.; Gafur, M.A.; Brine shrimp lethality bioassay with extracts and two flavonoids from Clerodendrum indicum Linn. Pak. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 17, 1-6, .
  209. Ganapaty, S.; Babu, G.J.; Naidu, K.C.; Phytochemical studies of roots of Duranta repens.. Ind. J. Nat. Prod. 1997, 13, 11-14, .
  210. Babu, G.J.; Naidu, K.C.; Ganapaty, S.; Phytoconstituents from the stem of Duranta plumieri Jacq.. Indian Drugs 1998, 35, 514-516, .
  211. H. Skaltsa; G. Shammas; Flavonoids from Lippia citriodora. Planta Medica 1988, 54, 465-465, 10.1055/s-2006-962505.
  212. Makiko Takagi; Saburo Funahashi; Keiichi Ohta; Toshio Nakabayashi; Flavonoids in the sea-grass, Phyllospadix japonica.. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 1979, 43, 2417-2418, 10.1271/bbb1961.43.2417.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
Video Production Service
Feedback