Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by most cells that contain a variety of biological molecules, such as lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They have been recognized as important mediators for long-distance cell-to-cell communication and are involved in a variety of biological processes. Exosomes have unique advantages, positioning them as highly effective drug delivery tools and providing a distinct means of delivering various therapeutic agents to target cells. In addition, as a new clinical diagnostic biomarker, exosomes play an important role in many aspects of human health and disease, including endocrinology, inflammation, cancer, and cardiovascular disease.
Type of Tumor | Source | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Colorectal cancer (CRC) | Serum and plasma | MiR-486-5p promotes the proliferation and migration of CRC cells by activating the signal pathways of pleomorphic adenomatoid gene 2 (PLAGL2), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and β-catenin in vivo and in vitro. | [28] |
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas |
Plasma | Downregulate CD69 expression on effector T cells to inhibit antitumor response |
[29] |
Prostate cancer | Tumor tissue | Suppress the function of T cells in the draining lymph node and block anti-PD-L1 antibodies |
[30] |
Melanoma | Plasma | Suppress the function of CD8 + T cells and cause failure of anti-PD-1 therapy |
[23] |
Disease | Exosomal miRNAs | Target or Pathway | References |
---|---|---|---|
Acute myeloid leukemia | Exosomes with MICA/B (MHC I chain-related proteins A and B) | By downregulating NKG2D receptor expression | [72] |
Brain cancer | Brain endothelial cells |
Rhodamine 123, PTX, DOX |
[73] |
Breast cancer | MiR-365 in macrophage-derived exosomes | The triphospho-nucleotide pool, the enzyme cytidine deaminase |
[74] |
Leukemia | MiR-210 | CD107a | [75] |
Lung cancer | MiR-494 | Suppresses PTEN (PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten), it is located at 10q23.3 and the transcriptional product is 515 kb mRNA). | [76] |
Colorectal cancer | MiR-31-5p in (tumor-derived exosomes) TDEs | LATS2 | [77] |
Nasopharyngeal cancer | MiR-24-3p | ND | [78] |
Esophageal cancer | MiR-21 in TDEs | PDCD4 | [79] |
Head and neck cancer | MiR-196a in cancer associate fibroblasts (CAF)- derived exosomes | CDKN1B and ING5 | [80] |
Pancreatic cancer | MiR-106b in CAFs-derived exosomes | TP53INP1 | [81] |
Virus | Source | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Avian influenza (H5N1) | miR-483-3P | Increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells | [92] |
HIV | Nef | Susceptibility to infection and apoptosis of CD4 cells | [90][93] |
KSHV | miRNA and others | IL6 production and cellular metabolism | [85] |
Coronavirus | CD9 | Proviral | [94] |
EV-A71 | Viral protein and nucleic acid | Virus spread | [95] |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms22157763