外泌体是大多数细胞分泌的纳米级囊泡,含有多种生物分子,如脂质、蛋白质和核酸。它们已被公认为长距离细胞间通讯的重要介质,并参与各种生物过程。外泌体具有独特的优势,将它们定位为高效的药物递送工具,并提供了一种将各种治疗剂递送至靶细胞的独特方式。此外,作为一种新的临床诊断生物标志物,外泌体在人类健康和疾病的许多方面发挥着重要作用,包括内分泌、炎症、癌症和心血管疾病。
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Type of Tumor | Source | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Colorectal cancer (CRC) | Serum and plasma | MiR-486-5p promotes the proliferation and migration of CRC cells by activating the signal pathways of pleomorphic adenomatoid gene 2 (PLAGL2), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and β-catenin in vivo and in vitro. | [74] |
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas |
Plasma | Downregulate CD69 expression on effector T cells to inhibit antitumor response |
[75] |
Prostate cancer | Tumor tissue | Suppress the function of T cells in the draining lymph node and block anti-PD-L1 antibodies |
[66] |
Melanoma | Plasma | Suppress the function of CD8 + T cells and cause failure of anti-PD-1 therapy |
[69] |
Disease | Exosomal miRNAs | Target or Pathway | References |
---|---|---|---|
Acute myeloid leukemia | Exosomes with MICA/B (MHC I chain-related proteins A and B) | By downregulating NKG2D receptor expression | [116] |
Brain cancer | Brain endothelial cells |
Rhodamine 123, PTX, DOX |
[117] |
Breast cancer | MiR-365 in macrophage-derived exosomes | The triphospho-nucleotide pool, the enzyme cytidine deaminase |
[118] |
Leukemia | MiR-210 | CD107a | [119] |
Lung cancer | MiR-494 | Suppresses PTEN (PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten), it is located at 10q23.3 and the transcriptional product is 515 kb mRNA). | [120] |
Colorectal cancer | MiR-31-5p in (tumor-derived exosomes) TDEs | LATS2 | [121] |
Nasopharyngeal cancer | MiR-24-3p | ND | [122] |
Esophageal cancer | MiR-21 in TDEs | PDCD4 | [123] |
Head and neck cancer | MiR-196a in cancer associate fibroblasts (CAF)- derived exosomes | CDKN1B and ING5 | [124] |
Pancreatic cancer | MiR-106b in CAFs-derived exosomes | TP53INP1 | [125] |
Virus | Source | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|
Avian influenza (H5N1) | miR-483-3P | Increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells | [136] |
HIV | Nef | Susceptibility to infection and apoptosis of CD4 cells | [134,137] |
KSHV | miRNA and others | IL6 production and cellular metabolism | [129] |
Coronavirus | CD9 | Proviral | [138] |
EV-A71 | Viral protein and nucleic acid | Virus spread | [139] |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms22157763