Si (10 μM) |
Pisum sativum L. |
Presence of Si NPs improved the growth in presence of Cr |
Si NPs minimized the Cr storage, enhanced the synthesis of defense enzymes and augmented nutrient uptake |
[69] |
ZnO (25 mg/L) |
Leucaena leucocephala |
Application of NPs induced seedling growth |
ZnO NPs amendment improved pigments and soluble proteins, reduced peroxidation; there was rise in the antioxidant defense enzymes |
[70] |
Fe3O4 |
Triticum aestivum L. |
Fe3O4 NP treatment minimized the inhibitory action of HMs |
Fe3O4 NPs supplementation improved the level of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase |
[71] |
Si (19, 48, and 202 nm) |
Oryza sativa L. |
Si NPs enhanced the number of cultured cells and decreased proportionally with the rise in NP size; the treatment maintained the cellular integrity in the presence of metals |
Si NPs amendment caused altered expression of genes responsible for reduced metal uptake |
[72] |
ZnO (0, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L) |
Zea mays L. |
Treatment caused rise in plant length, leaf number, and biomass |
ZnO NPs application enhanced chlorophyll content, gas exchange characteristics, and antioxidant enzymes; addition led to reduced content of Cd in root and shoot |
[73] |
ZnO (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L) and Fe NPs (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/L) |
T. aestivum L. |
Treatment induced plant growth, dry weight, and grains under Cd stress |
Addition of NPs decreased the loss of electrolyte and activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase along with diminished Cd accumulation |
[74] |
Si |
Glycine max L. |
Si NPs minimized the growth inhibitory action of Hg |
Incorporation of Si NPs improved the chlorophyll content and reduced the Hg content in root and shoot |
[63] |
Mel-Au (200 μM) |
O. sativa L. |
— |
Application of Mel-Au NPs caused reduction of Cd level in root and shoot, improved chlorophyll content and raised the activity of antioxidant enzymes |
[64] |
Fe (25 and 50 mg/L) |
O. sativa L. |
Treatment of Fe NPs improved plant length and dry weight |
Fe NPs application caused rise in the level of proline, glutathione and phyto-chelatins; Fe NPs addition led to improved defense enzymes and glyoxalase machinery |
[19] |
ZnO (10–100 mg/L) |
O. sativa L. |
Amendment of ZnO increased the growth of seedlings |
Treatment facilitated reduced accumulation of arsenic in root and shoot together with rise in phytochelatin level |
[75] |
Cu (25, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 of soil) |
T. aestivum L. |
Rise in plant height and shoot dry weight |
Increase in N and P content; reduced Cd transport, rise in the level of vital ions and antioxidant pool |
[58] |
Cu (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 of soil) |
T. aestivum L. |
Improved biomass and growth |
Reduced Cr availability; increase in nutrient uptake; rise in antioxidant content |
[57] |
Fe2O3 (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 soil) |
O. sativa L. |
Improved fresh and dry biomass; increased height |
Augmented detoxifying enzymes, photosynthetic potential, and nutrient uptake attributes; reduced formation of ROS, lowered expression of genes supporting the transport of Cd; restricted Cd mobilization in upper plant parts |
[59] |
Fe2O3 (25, 50, and 100 mg kg−1 soil) |
T. aestivum L. |
Rise in plant fresh and dry biomass; increase in plant length |
Reduced Cd transport; enhanced N, P, and K content; increased antioxidants and pigment content |
[60] |
TiO2 (0, 100, and 250 mg/L soil) |
Z. mays |
Foliar application improved shoot and root dry weight |
Reduced accumulation of Cd; increased activities of antioxidant enzymes |
[61] |
SiO2 (30 and 50 nm) |
G. max |
Improved seedling fresh weight |
Improved chlorophyll content; lowered accumulation of Hg in root |
[63] |
Au (200 μM) |
O. sativa L. |
— |
Reduced level of Cd in root and leaves by 33 and 46.2%, respectively; improvement in antioxidant defense enzyme; restricted expression of genes associated with metal transport |
[64] |
Si (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg soil) |
T. aestivum L. |
Improved plant height |
Improved chlorophyll; photosynthesis; diminished Cd content in tissues; |
[64] |
ZnO (0, 50, and 100 mg L−1) |
G. max |
Improved root and shoot growth |
Reduced arsenic concentration in root and shoot; improved photosynthesis, water loss, photochemical yield; raised antioxidative defense enzymes |
[66] |
Ti (0.1 to 0.25%) |
Vigna radiata L. |
Augmented radicle length and biomass |
Decline in the level of ROS and lipid peroxidation; upregulation of genes related with antioxidative enzymes |
[67] |
Se and Si (5, 10, and 20 mg L−1) |
O. sativa L. |
— |
Lowered accrual of Cd and Pb; improved yield |
[68] |