All organisms and cells respond to various stress conditions by up-regulating the expression and/or activation of a group of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs). Although their expression is induced by several stimuli, they are commonly recognized as HSPs due to the first experiments showing their increased transcription after application of heat shock. These proteins are molecular chaperones mainly involved in assisting protein transport and folding, assembling multimolecular complexes, and triggering protein degradation by proteasome. In addition, they play a crucial role in gene expression regulation, DNA replication, signal transduction, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cellular senescence or immortalization, and intercellular communications. Heat shock proteins are classified according to their molecular weight in super heavy, 100, 90, 70, 60, 40, and small HSPs. Although they are the most highly conserved, ubiquitous, and abundant proteins in all organisms, their cellular stress response can depend on the class and stimulus.
Skeletal Muscles | Species | Gender | Main Fiber-Types % | Mitochondrial Content | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vastus Lateralis | Human | Male | I 49–IIa 42% | I > IIa > IIx | [44,48] |
Plantaris | Rat | Male | IIx 45–IIa 21% | IIa > I > IIx > IIb | [44,48] |
Plantaris | Rat | Female | IIb 46–IIx 40% | [45] | |
Soleus | Rat | Male | I 97% | IIa > I > IIx > IIb | [44,48] |
Soleus | Rat | Female | I 99% | [46] | |
Gastrocnemius | Rat | Male | IIx 43–IIb 26% | [44] | |
Soleus | Mouse | Male | IIa 49–I 31% | [44] | |
Soleus | Mouse | Female | I 49–IIa 35% | [47] | |
EDL | Mouse | Male | IIb 63–IIx 18% | [47] | |
EDL | Mouse | Female | IIx 37–IIb 35% | [47] | |
Gastrocnemius | Mouse | Male | IIb 56–IIa 21% | IIa > IIx > I > IIb | [44,48] |
Species/Strain | Gender (Age) | Skeletal Muscles | Protocol Training | Hsp60 Levels | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human | Male (28 ± 6 yrs) | Vastus Lateralis | Endurance | ↑ | [128] |
Human | Male (28 ± 6 yrs) | Vastus Lateralis | Acute exercise | = | [128] |
Rat/Wistar | Male (4 months) | Plantaris | Endurance | = | [130] |
Rat/Wistar | Female (ns) | Plantaris | Endurance | ↑ | [133] |
Rat/Fischer 344 | Male (10 months) | Soleus | Endurance | ↑ | [133] |
Rat/Wistar | Female (ns) | Soleus | Endurance | = | [132] |
Rat/Wistar | Male (ns) | Gastrocnemius | Endurance | = | [131] |
Rat/Fischer 344 | Male (10 months) | Gastrocnemius | Endurance | = | [133] |
Mouse/BALB/c | Male (7 weeks) | Soleus | Endurance | ↑ | [134] |
Mouse/BALB/c | Male (12 weeks) | Soleus | Acute exercise | ↑ | [48] |
Mouse/BALB/c | Female (12 weeks) | Soleus | Acute exercise | = | [48] |
Mouse/BALB/c | Male (12 weeks) | EDL | Acute exercise | = | [48] |
Mouse/BALB/c | Female (12 weeks) | EDL | Acute exercise | ↑ | [48] |
Mouse/BALB/c | Male (7 weeks) | Gastrocnemius | Endurance | = | [134] |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/biology10020077