The World Health Organization estimated that 13% of the total adult population is currently obese, making it one of the most serious global health problems [1]. In addition, obesity is considered a primary factor contributing to the current epidemic of metabolic syndromes, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, brain disorders, and certain types of cancers [1]. Obesity results from adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia caused by a severe energy imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure. Therefore, strategies aimed at reducing excess fat accumulation, especially in visceral regions, could ameliorate the current epidemic of metabolic disorders. Presently, the role of brown adipocytes in thermogenesis is a potential target for preventing obesity.
Extract (Part/Solvent) |
Model | Conc. | Effects | Active Component |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red raspberry (fruit/hot water) |
C57BL/6J mice | 100 mg/kg/day | ↓obesity (↓body/ WAT weights) ↑thermogenesis (↑ucp1, pgc1α, Cidea) |
ellagic acid | [19] |
↑mitochondrial biogenesis (↑Sirt3, Nrf1) |
|||||
Primary brown preadipocytes | 100 μg/mL | ↑mitochondrial activity ↑brown adipogenesis (ap2, adiponectin, resistin) ↑thermogenesis (↑ucp1, pgc1α, Cidea) ↑p-AMPK, p-ACC |
|||
Black raspberry (fruit/hot water) |
hMSCs | 5–10 μg/mL | ↓adipogenesis | ellagic acid | [17] |
zebrafish | 100 μg/mL | (↓PPARγ, C/EBPα) | |||
3T3-L1 cells | 5–10 μg/mL | ↓adipogenesis (↓PPARγ, C/EBPα) ↑thermogenesis (↑UCP1, PGC1α) ↑mitochondrial function (↑CIDEA, Nrf1, CPT1B) |
|||
C57BL/6J mice | 100 mg/kg/day | ↑thermogenesis (↑body temperature in cold-exposure, ↑UCP1, PGC1α, PRDM16, TBX1) |
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Strawberry (fruit/80% MeOH) |
3T3-L1 cells | 5–10 μg/mL | ↓adipogenesis (↓PPARγ, C/EBPα, resistin) ↑thermogenesis (↑UCP1, PDK4) ↑mitochondrial biogenesis (↑AMPK, Sirt1, PGC1α) |
ND | [20] |
Omija fruit (fruit/50% EtOH) |
3T3-L1 cells Sprague–Dawley rats |
20, 150 μg/mL 5, 200 mg/kg/day |
↓adipogenesis (↓C/EBPβ, PPARγ, C/EBPα) ↓obesity (↓body/ WAT weights) |
ND | [21] |
C57BL/6J mice | 500 mg/kg/day | ↓WAT /↑BAT weights ↑energy expenditure ↑thermogenesis (↑Pparα, Cidea, and COX8β.) |
ND | [22] | |
Green Tea (leaf/water) |
C57BL/6J mice | 0.5% | ↓obesity (↓body/ WAT/ BAT weights) ↑brown-specific markers (↑Ucp1, Prdm16, and CIDEA) ↑mitochondrial activity (↑Pgc1α and Cpt1B) |
Catechin EGCG |
[16] |
Cinnamon (bark/70–80% EtOH) |
3T3-L1 cells | 80 μg/mL | ↑brown-specific markers (↑Cidea, Prdm16, Pgc, Cpt-1 and ↑PRDM16), cAMP ↓white adipocyte markers (↓Dpt and Igf) |
Catechin Quercetin Icariin Chlorogenic acid Protocatechuic acid asculetin |
[23] |
ex vivo adipocytes isolated from db/db mice | 80 μg/mL | ↑brown-specific markers (↑Ucp-1, Cidea, Prdm16 and ↑UCP1) | |||
C57BL/6J mice fed with high fat diet | 500 mg/kg/day | ↑brown-specific markers (↑Ucp-1, Cidea, Prdm16 and ↑UCP1) ↓white adipocyte markers (↓Dpt) |
|||
Kunming mice | 90, 180, 360 mg/kg/day | ↑thermogenesis (↑body temperature in cold-exposure, ↑Ucp1, Ppargc1 α, Prdm16 in BAT) ↑energy expenditure (↑VO2 and VCO2) Uncoupling ATP production, AMPK-SIRT1 pathway in BAT |
Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamic acid 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde coumarin |
[24] | |
Geminated soy germ(germ/EtOH) | 3T3-L1 cells | 0.1–10 μg/mL | ↓adipogenesis, lipogenesis ↑Lipolysis, β-oxidation |
Soya saponin Ab | [25] |
C57BL/6J mice | 1 mg/kg | ↓obesity (↓body/ WAT weights) ↑thermogenesis ↑mitochondrial biogenesis |
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Ganoderma tsugae (fruiting body/EtOH) |
3T3-L1 cells | 0.2 mg/mL | ↑small lipid droplets formation ↑intracellular lipid metabolism flux/flexibility ↑UCP1, Cidea, HSP60, cyto c ↓NADH/NAD+ ratio, NADH content |
Triterpenoid | [26] |
C57BL/6Narl | 150, 300 mg/kg/day | ↑WAT browning (↑UCP1)↓glucose/lipid disorders ↑SIRT1, p-AMPK |
Extract (Part/Solvent) |
Model | Conc. | Effects | Active Component |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panax ginseng (root and leaf/ND) |
3T3-L1 cells | 25–100 μg/mL | ↓adipogenesis (↓C/EBPα, SREBP1-c) ↑mitochondrial activity ↑brown-adipocyte-specific markers (↑UCP1, PRDM16, PGC-1 α) ↑p-AMPK |
Gensenoside Rb1 Rb2 Rg1 Rg3 |
[39,40,41,42,43] |
primary white adipocytes | |||||
Phyllostachys pubescens and Scutellaria baicalensis (root and leaf/70% EtOH) |
3T3-L1 cells | 60–480 μg/mL | ↓adipogenesis (↓PPARγ, C/EBPα) ↓lipogenesis (↓SREBP-1c, FAS) ↑fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis (↑p-ACC, CPT1) ↑BAT markers (↑UCP1, PRDM16, PGC1α) ↑thermogenesis (↑UCP2) ↑p-AMPK |
Chlorogenic acid Orientin Isoorientin Baicalin Wogonoside Baicalein Tricin Wogonin Chrysin |
[26] |
Humulus japonicas (leaf/water) |
3T3-L1 cells | 20, 100 μg/mL | ↑thermogenesis, browning (↑UCP1, PRDM16, PGC-1 α) ↑fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis ↓lipogenesis, lipid accumulation ↓oxidative stress/↑SOD1, catalase, GPx1 ↑AMPK/PPARδ signaling pathway |
ND | [44] |
Immature Citrus reticulate (fruit/hot water) |
C57BL/6 mice |
1% | ↓body/visceral fat weights, adipocyte size ↓fatty livers, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia ↑cold tolerance in cold exposure ↑thermogenesis (↑UCP1, PRDM16, NRF1) ↑beige adipocyte-selective markers (↑TEME26, CD137, Cidea) |
Synephrine Narirutin Hesperidin Nobiletin tangeretin |
[45] |
Broccoli Seeds (sprout/water) |
C57BL/6JSlc mice | 0.3% | ↓body weight gain, fat mass ↑energy expenditure ↑major browning marker (↑UCP1) ↓insulin resistance, glucose tolerance ↓plasma lipopolysaccharide ↓relative abundance of Desulfovibrionaceae bacteria ↓oxidative stress, inflammation |
Glucoraphanin | [46] |
Extract (Part/Solvent) |
Model | Conc. | Effects | Active Component |
Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sargassum Serratifolium (whole/EtOH) |
C57BL/6J mice | 30–120 mg/kg/day | ↑AMPK signaling pathway ↑UCP1-positive cells ↓lipogenesis (↓SREBP1c, SCD-1, FAS) ↑lipolysis (↑PLIN, CPT1, ACSL1) ↑mitochondria function |
SHQA SQA |
[13,62] |
Spirulina maxima (whole/EtOH) |
3T3-L1 cells | 50, 100 μg/mL | ↑lipid accumulation ↓adipogenesis (↓C/EBPα, PPARγ, aP2) ↓lipogenesis (↓SREBP1c, ACC, FAS, LPAATβ, Lipin1, DGAT1) |
chlorophyll A C-phycocyanin |
[63] |
ICR mice | 150, 450 mg/kg/day | ↑p-AMPK ↑adipose browning proteins (↑PRDM16, PGC1α, UCP1) |
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Phaeodactylum Tricornutum (whole/ND) |
C57BL/6J mice | 0.81, 1.62, 3.25 mg/kg/day | ↓body weight, organ weight, adipocyte size ↑blood metabolic profile |
fucoxanthin | [64] |
3T3-L1 cells | 20, 40 μM | ↑UCP1 | |||
Nitzschia laevis (whole/EtOH) |
C57BL/6J mice | 10, 50 mg/kg/day | ↓body weight↑BAT cell number ↑thermogenesis (↑UCP1) |
ND | [65] |
Undaria pinnatifida (whole/chloroform/ methanol) |
Wistar rats and KK-Ay mice | 0.5 and 2% in diet | ↓WAT weight ↑BAT weight ↑UCP1 only in WAT |
fucoxanthin | [66] |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/antiox10020308