GNE Gene: History
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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity
Contributor:
Dean Liu

Glucosamine (UDP-N-acetyl)-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase

  • genes

1. Introduction

The GNE gene provides instructions for making an enzyme that is found in cells and tissues throughout the body. This enzyme plays a key role in a chemical pathway that produces sialic acid, which is a simple sugar that attaches to the ends of more complex molecules on the surface of cells. By modifying these molecules, sialic acid influences a wide variety of cellular functions including cell movement (migration), attaching cells to one another (adhesion), signaling between cells, and inflammation.

The enzyme produced from the GNE gene is responsible for two steps in the formation of sialic acid. It first converts a molecule known as UDP-GlcNAc to a similar molecule called ManNAc. In the next step, the enzyme transfers a cluster of oxygen and phosphorus atoms (a phosphate group) to ManNAc to create ManNAc-6-phosphate. Other enzymes then convert ManNAc-6-phosphate to sialic acid.

2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes

2.1. Inclusion Body Myopathy 2

More than 40 mutations in the GNE gene have been identified in people with inclusion body myopathy 2. Most of these mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in several regions of the enzyme. A few mutations delete a piece of the enzyme or otherwise alter its structure.

Different GNE mutations cause inclusion body myopathy 2 in different populations. One mutation causes the disorder in people of Iranian Jewish heritage; this genetic change replaces the amino acid methionine with the amino acid threonine at position 712 in a region of the enzyme known as the kinase domain (written as Met712Thr or M712T). In the Japanese population, where the condition is called Nonaka myopathy, the most common GNE mutation replaces the amino acid valine with the amino acid leucine at position 572 in the enzyme's kinase domain (written as Val572Leu or V572L).

The mutations responsible for inclusion body myopathy 2 reduce the activity of the enzyme produced from the GNE gene, which decreases the production of sialic acid. As a result, less of this simple sugar is available to attach to cell surface molecules. Researchers are working to determine how a shortage of sialic acid leads to progressive muscle weakness in people with inclusion body myopathy 2. Sialic acid is important for the normal function of many different cells and tissues, so it is unclear why the signs and symptoms of this disorder appear to be limited to the skeletal muscles.

2.2. Sialuria

Several mutations in the GNE gene have been found to cause sialuria. Each of these mutations changes a single amino acid in a region of the enzyme known as the allosteric site. This region is critical for the normal regulation of the enzyme.

The enzyme produced from the GNE gene is carefully controlled to ensure that cells produce an appropriate amount of sialic acid. A feedback system shuts off the enzyme when no more sialic acid is needed. Mutations in the allosteric site disrupt this feedback mechanism, resulting in an overproduction of sialic acid. This simple sugar builds up within cells and is excreted in urine. Researchers are working to determine how an accumulation of sialic acid in the body interferes with normal development in people with sialuria.

3. Other Names for This Gene

  • Bifunctional UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase

  • DMRV

  • GLCNE

  • GLCNE_HUMAN

  • IBM2

  • N-acylmannosamine kinase

  • Uae1

  • UDP-GlcNAc-2-epimerase/ManAc kinase

  • UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/gne

References

  1. Argov Z, Eisenberg I, Grabov-Nardini G, Sadeh M, Wirguin I, Soffer D,Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. Hereditary inclusion body myopathy: the Middle Easterngenetic cluster. Neurology. 2003 May 13;60(9):1519-23.
  2. Eisenberg I, Avidan N, Potikha T, Hochner H, Chen M, Olender T, Barash M,Shemesh M, Sadeh M, Grabov-Nardini G, Shmilevich I, Friedmann A, Karpati G,Bradley WG, Baumbach L, Lancet D, Asher EB, Beckmann JS, Argov Z,Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase gene is mutated in recessive hereditary inclusion body myopathy. NatGenet. 2001 Sep;29(1):83-7.
  3. Eisenberg I, Grabov-Nardini G, Hochner H, Korner M, Sadeh M, Bertorini T,Bushby K, Castellan C, Felice K, Mendell J, Merlini L, Shilling C, Wirguin I,Argov Z, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S. Mutations spectrum of GNE in hereditary inclusionbody myopathy sparing the quadriceps. Hum Mutat. 2003 Jan;21(1):99.
  4. Kayashima T, Matsuo H, Satoh A, Ohta T, Yoshiura K, Matsumoto N, Nakane Y,Niikawa N, Kishino T. Nonaka myopathy is caused by mutations in theUDP-N-acetylglucosamine-2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase gene (GNE). J Hum Genet. 2002;47(2):77-9.
  5. Keppler OT, Hinderlich S, Langner J, Schwartz-Albiez R, Reutter W, Pawlita M. UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase: a regulator of cell surface sialylation. Science. 1999May 21;284(5418):1372-6.
  6. Klootwijk RD, Savelkoul PJ, Ciccone C, Manoli I, Caplen NJ, Krasnewich DM,Gahl WA, Huizing M. Allele-specific silencing of the dominant disease allele insialuria by RNA interference. FASEB J. 2008 Nov;22(11):3846-52. doi:10.1096/fj.08-110890.
  7. Krause S, Aleo A, Hinderlich S, Merlini L, Tournev I, Walter MC, Argov Z,Mitrani-Rosenbaum S, Lochmüller H. GNE protein expression and subcellulardistribution are unaltered in HIBM. Neurology. 2007 Aug 14;69(7):655-9.
  8. Malicdan MC, Noguchi S, Nishino I. Recent advances in distal myopathy withrimmed vacuoles (DMRV) or hIBM: treatment perspectives. Curr Opin Neurol. 2008Oct;21(5):596-600. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32830dd595. Review.
  9. Nishino I, Malicdan MC, Murayama K, Nonaka I, Hayashi YK, Noguchi S. Molecularpathomechanism of distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles. Acta Myol. 2005Oct;24(2):80-3. Review.
  10. Noguchi S, Keira Y, Murayama K, Ogawa M, Fujita M, Kawahara G, Oya Y, Imazawa M, Goto Y, Hayashi YK, Nonaka I, Nishino I. Reduction of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase activity and sialylation in distalmyopathy with rimmed vacuoles. J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 19;279(12):11402-7.
  11. Penner J, Mantey LR, Elgavish S, Ghaderi D, Cirak S, Berger M, Krause S, LuckaL, Voit T, Mitrani-Rosenbaum S, Hinderlich S. Influence of UDP-GlcNAc2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase mutant proteins on hereditary inclusion body myopathy. Biochemistry. 2006 Mar 7;45(9):2968-77.
  12. Seppala R, Lehto VP, Gahl WA. Mutations in the human UDP-N-acetylglucosamine2-epimerase gene define the disease sialuria and the allosteric site of theenzyme. Am J Hum Genet. 1999 Jun;64(6):1563-9.
  13. Tomimitsu H, Shimizu J, Ishikawa K, Ohkoshi N, Kanazawa I, Mizusawa H. Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV): new GNE mutations and splice variant.Neurology. 2004 May 11;62(9):1607-10.
  14. Wopereis S, Abd Hamid UM, Critchley A, Royle L, Dwek RA, Morava E, Leroy JG,Wilcken B, Lagerwerf AJ, Huijben KM, Lefeber DJ, Rudd PM, Wevers RA. Abnormalglycosylation with hypersialylated O-glycans in patients with Sialuria. BiochimBiophys Acta. 2006 Jun;1762(6):598-607.
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