Carbohydrate-active enzymes are enzymes that synthesize, cleave, or chemically modify carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing molecules. Their substrate recognition accommodates the diversity of sugar residues, linkages, and branching patterns found in complex glycans [1]. Major catalytic groups include glycoside hydrolases, glycosyltransferases, polysaccharide lyases, carbohydrate esterases, and enzymes with auxiliary oxidative activities [2]. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases use a surface-accessible copper center to catalyze oxidative cleavage of polysaccharide chains, complementing hydrolytic reactions [3][4]. Glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases organize substrates within active sites that position the reacting bonds and stabilize intermediates or transition states. Distortion of a bound sugar ring can form part of the catalytic mechanism. Individual enzymes combine these chemical activities with binding regions that recognize particular carbohydrate structures [5][6].
- CAZymes
- glycosidic bonds
- glycoside hydrolases
- glycosyltransferases
References
- Elodie Drula; Marie-Line Garron; Suzan Dogan; Vincent Lombard; Bernard Henrissat; Nicolas Terrapon; The Carbohydrate-active Enzyme Database: Functions and Literature. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021, 50, D571-D577, 10.1093/nar/gkab1045.
- Brandi L. Cantarel; Pedro M. Coutinho; Corinne Rancurel; Thomas Bernard; Vincent Lombard; Bernard Henrissat; The Carbohydrate-Active EnZymes database (CAZy): an expert resource for Glycogenomics. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008, 37, D233-D238, 10.1093/nar/gkn663.
- Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad; Bjørge Westereng; Svein J. Horn; Zhanliang Liu; Hong Zhai; Morten Sørlie; Vincent G. H. Eijsink; An Oxidative Enzyme Boosting the Enzymatic Conversion of Recalcitrant Polysaccharides. Science 2010, 330, 219-222, 10.1126/science.1192231.
- William T. Beeson; Van V. Vu; Elise A. Span; Christopher M. Phillips; Michael A. Marletta; Cellulose Degradation by Polysaccharide Monooxygenases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2015, 84, 923-946, 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060614-034439.
- Alisdair B. Boraston; David N. Bolam; Harry J. Gilbert; Gideon J. Davies; Carbohydrate-binding Modules: Fine-tuning Polysaccharide Recognition. Biochem. J. 2004, 382, 769-781, 10.1042/bj20040892.
- Albert Ardèvol; Carme Rovira; Reaction Mechanisms in Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes: Glycoside Hydrolases and Glycosyltransferases. Insights from ab Initio Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Dynamic Simulations. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 7528-7547, 10.1021/jacs.5b01156.