Agroforestry practices are land-management techniques that deliberately integrate trees or other woody perennial plants with agricultural crops and/or livestock on the same land unit, either through spatial arrangements or temporal sequences ^[1][2]. They include alley cropping, in which crops are cultivated between rows of trees or shrubs; silvopasture, which combines trees with pasture and livestock; improved fallows that use woody species to restore soil fertility; boundary planting, windbreaks, and shelterbelts; and multistrata homegardens that combine different tree and crop species ^[1][2]. The selection and management of these practices depend on local climate, soil conditions, farm objectives, available resources, and interactions among trees, crops, and animals. Such interactions can influence light availability, water use, nutrient cycling, soil protection, and agricultural productivity. Agroforestry practices may also diversify farm outputs and support ecosystem services, although their effects vary with species selection, tree density, spatial configuration, management, and environmental conditions ^[2][3]. In agronomy and crop science, agroforestry practices are therefore examined in terms of system design, competition and complementarity among components, and the management of productive and ecological functions within agricultural landscapes.