Integrated farming is an agricultural production approach in which two or more complementary farming activities are deliberately combined and managed as an interconnected system within a farm or across coordinated farms. At the farm level, these activities may include crop production, livestock rearing, aquaculture, horticulture, and other agricultural enterprises, with the particular combination depending on available resources and production conditions ^[1][2]. A defining characteristic is the functional interaction among components, such as the use of crop residues as animal feed, livestock manure as a nutrient source for crops, and by-products from one activity as inputs for another. These linkages can facilitate resource recycling and coordinate the use of land, labor, water, and other farm resources ^[1][2]. Integration may also occur across farm boundaries through the exchange of feed, manure, crop products, or other resources between specialized farms ^[3]. Integrated farming is therefore distinguished from the simple coexistence of multiple enterprises: the activities must be connected through resource flows or coordinated management. It is a broad farming-system approach, whereas integrated crop–livestock systems refer more specifically to the functional integration of crop and animal production.