Agricultural policy instruments constitute the structured set of legal, regulatory, and financial mechanisms implemented by governments and public authorities to alter the economic environment of the agricultural sector, thereby influencing production decisions, resource allocation, and market outcomes^[1]. Operating within the framework of agricultural economics and policy, these instruments serve as the operational tools through which broader sectoral objectives—such as income stabilization, food security, and environmental sustainability—are systematically operationalized within domestic and international markets. They are distinct from macroeconomic policies in that their interventions are sector-specific, directly targeting the behavior of agricultural producers, agribusinesses, and food consumers. Conceptually, agricultural policy instruments are categorized into distinct modalities based on their mechanism of market intervention: price and market support interventions (such as tariff-rate quotas, minimum support prices, and export subsidies), direct income transfers (including coupled product-specific subsidies and decoupled payments), and regulatory or incentive structures addressing environmental externalities and public goods provisioning. A defining characteristic of these instruments is their systemic capacity to modify the incentives within agricultural and food value chains, effectively redistributing economic surplus among producers, consumers, and taxpayers ^[2]. They are differentiated from general industrial regulations by their specific institutional designs, which account for the inherent biological risks, structural asset specificity, and unique supply-demand elasticities characteristic of primary agricultural production ^[3].