Language minority education refers to educational provision designed for learners whose home or primary language differs from the dominant language of schooling, with the aim of ensuring equitable access to curriculum, participation, and academic development ^[1][2][3][4]. It includes policies, programs, and pedagogical approaches that address language-related barriers through models such as bilingual education, dual-language programs, heritage-language support, and second-language instructional pathways ^[1][2]. Language minority education is characterized by attention to linguistic rights, additive language development, and the relationship between language proficiency and educational achievement ^[2][3][4]. In research and policy contexts, the term denotes a distinct educational domain focused on students from non-dominant language backgrounds, rather than general language teaching that does not specifically address minority-language learners’ access and equity conditions ^[1][2][3][4].