Geography education is the organized teaching and learning of geographical knowledge, concepts, skills, and perspectives related to places, environments, spatial relationships, and human–environment interactions across local, regional, and global scales ^[1][2][3][4]. It includes curriculum and pedagogy focused on core disciplinary ideas (e.g., space, place, landscape, region, interconnection, and sustainability), as well as methodological competencies such as map interpretation, geospatial reasoning, fieldwork, and use of geographic information technologies ^[1][2]. Geography education is characterized by integrative analysis of physical and human processes, spatial thinking, and evidence-based inquiry into contemporary social and environmental issues ^[2][3][4]. In educational and policy contexts, the term denotes a distinct subject domain aimed at developing geographic literacy and informed decision-making, rather than general social studies content without explicit spatial and geographical framing ^[1][2][3][4].