Educational disparities are systematic differences in access to educational resources, learning opportunities, and measurable educational outcomes between individuals or groups within an education system ^[1][2][3]. It refers to patterned inequalities in dimensions such as school quality, instructional provision, curricular opportunities, and assessment results (for example, test scores, grades, or completion rates) that are associated with social, economic, demographic, or geographic characteristics rather than with random variation ^[1][2]. Educational disparities are characterized by persistent gaps in attainment, achievement, and progression that can be observed across categories such as socioeconomic status, race or ethnicity, gender, language background, disability, or region ^[2][3]. These disparities represent structured differences in educational conditions and results, defining a state in which some groups systematically experience less favorable educational trajectories than others within the same institutional framework ^[1][3].