1. Introduction

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is typically studied from a medical and psychological perspective, focusing on diagnostic criteria, cognitive traits, and behavioral patterns. However, the sociology of autism shifts the focus to the social dimensions of autism—how it is constructed, perceived, and treated within different societies. Sociologists explore how social institutions (e.g., healthcare, education, the workforce) shape the experiences of autistic individuals and how autistic people challenge or conform to dominant social norms ^[1].

Historically, autism has been framed as a medical "disorder" requiring intervention. However, alternative perspectives such as the neurodiversity movement emphasize that autism is a natural variation in cognitive functioning, rather than a condition to be "cured" ^[2]. Sociologists examine how these competing narratives influence policy, education, and public perceptions.

2. Social Construction of Autism

The concept of autism has evolved significantly over time. In the early 20th century, autism was rarely diagnosed, and individuals displaying autistic traits were often institutionalized or misdiagnosed with schizophrenia ^[3]. The expansion of diagnostic criteria in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) has contributed to the rise in autism diagnoses, but also sparked debates on whether autism is being over-medicalized ^[4].

From a sociological perspective, autism is not just a biological condition but a socially constructed category—meaning that societal definitions of "normal" and "disordered" shape how autism is understood and treated ^[3]. The medical model of autism views it as a pathology requiring treatment, whereas the social model of disability argues that societal barriers, rather than autism itself, create challenges for autistic individuals.

3. Stigma and Social Perceptions

Despite increased awareness, autistic individuals continue to face stigma and exclusion due to deviations from normative social behaviors. Erving Goffman ^[5] defined stigma as the process by which certain characteristics are socially devalued, leading to discrimination and marginalization. Autistic individuals often experience "ableism", or societal discrimination based on perceived disabilities ^[6].

Popular media has played a dual role—on one hand, raising awareness through portrayals of autistic characters (e.g., Rain Man, The Good Doctor), but on the other, perpetuating stereotypes that autistic individuals are either savants or socially incompetent ^[7]. These portrayals influence public attitudes and policy decisions, impacting real-world accessibility and inclusion efforts.

4. The Neurodiversity Movement

The neurodiversity movement, originating in the late 1990s, reframes autism as a natural variation of human cognition rather than a disorder. The term was coined by Judy Singer ^[8], who argued that neurological differences—such as autism, ADHD, and dyslexia—should be recognized and accepted rather than pathologized.

Advocates of neurodiversity promote "acceptance over cure", challenging traditional deficit-based models of autism ^[2]. This movement has led to policy changes, such as inclusive education models and workplace initiatives that support neurodiverse employees. However, it has also faced criticism, particularly from some parents and medical professionals who argue that severe cases of autism still require intensive support and intervention ^[9].

5. Institutional Responses and Policy

The way schools, workplaces, and governments respond to autism has evolved, but challenges remain. Education policies have shifted from segregated special education toward inclusive classrooms, but resources remain unevenly distributed ^[10]. Employment policies have also begun incorporating neurodiversity hiring initiatives, particularly in tech industries ^[11].

However, autistic individuals often face barriers in healthcare, as many doctors are not trained in neurodiverse communication styles, leading to disparities in treatment and misdiagnosis ^[12].

6. Conclusion

The sociology of autism provides critical insight into how society defines, understands, and responds to autism. From the medicalization of autism to the rise of neurodiversity advocacy, social perspectives continue to evolve. Future research will likely focus on policy changes, media representation, and the impact of digital communication on autistic communities.