Encyclopedia
Synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein 1: The SYNGAP1 gene provides instructions for making a protein, called SynGAP, that plays an important role in nerve cells in the brain. SynGAP is found at the junctions between nerve cells (synapses) where cell-to-cell communication takes place.
- genes
1. Normal Function
The SYNGAP1 gene provides instructions for making a protein, called SynGAP, that plays an important role in nerve cells in the brain. SynGAP is found at the junctions between nerve cells (synapses) where cell-to-cell communication takes place. Connected nerve cells act as the "wiring" in the circuitry of the brain. Synapses are able to change and adapt over time, rewiring brain circuits, which is critical for learning and memory. SynGAP helps regulate synapse adaptations and promotes proper brain wiring. The protein's function is particularly important during a critical period of early brain development that affects future cognitive ability.
2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
2.1. SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability
At least 40 mutations in the SYNGAP1 gene have been found to cause SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability. In addition to mild-to-moderate intellectual disability, this condition commonly features other neurological problems, including recurrent seizures (epilepsy) and autism spectrum disorder, which affects communication and social interaction. Gene mutations involved in SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability prevent the production of functional SynGAP protein from one copy of the gene, reducing the protein's activity in cells. Studies show that a reduction of SynGAP activity can have multiple effects in nerve cells, including pushing synapses to develop (mature) too early. The changes triggered by a reduction of SynGAP activity disrupt the synaptic adaptations in the brain that underlie learning and memory, leading to cognitive impairment and other neurological problems characteristic of SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability.
2.2. Autism spectrum disorder
At least five SYNGAP1 gene mutations have been identified in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a condition that appears early in childhood development, varies in severity, and is characterized by impaired social skills, communication problems, and repetitive behaviors. These mutations result in a SynGAP protein with impaired function or prevent the production of the protein. Changes in synaptic adaptation in individuals with these mutations may underlie the behavioral abnormalities characteristic of ASD. It is not known why some people with SYNGAP1 gene mutations develop ASD while others have the additional features of SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability (described above).
3. Other Names for This Gene
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KIAA1938
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MRD5
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neuronal RasGAP
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Ras GTPase-activating protein SynGAP
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ras/Rap GTPase-activating protein SynGAP
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RASA5
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synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein 1 homolog
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synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein, 135kDa
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synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein 1
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SYNGAP
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/syngap1
References
- Aceti M, Creson TK, Vaissiere T, Rojas C, Huang WC, Wang YX, Petralia RS, PageDT, Miller CA, Rumbaugh G. Syngap1 haploinsufficiency damages a postnatalcritical period of pyramidal cell structural maturation linked to corticalcircuit assembly. Biol Psychiatry. 2015 May 1;77(9):805-15. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.001.
- Clement JP, Aceti M, Creson TK, Ozkan ED, Shi Y, Reish NJ, Almonte AG, Miller BH, Wiltgen BJ, Miller CA, Xu X, Rumbaugh G. Pathogenic SYNGAP1 mutations impair cognitive development by disrupting maturation of dendritic spine synapses. Cell.2012 Nov 9;151(4):709-723. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.08.045.
- Clement JP, Ozkan ED, Aceti M, Miller CA, Rumbaugh G. SYNGAP1 links thematuration rate of excitatory synapses to the duration of critical-periodsynaptic plasticity. J Neurosci. 2013 Jun 19;33(25):10447-52. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0765-13.2013.
- Kalkman HO. Potential opposite roles of the extracellular signal-regulatedkinase (ERK) pathway in autism spectrum and bipolar disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012 Nov;36(10):2206-13. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.008.
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- O'Roak BJ, Stessman HA, Boyle EA, Witherspoon KT, Martin B, Lee C, Vives L,Baker C, Hiatt JB, Nickerson DA, Bernier R, Shendure J, Eichler EE. Recurrent de novo mutations implicate novel genes underlying simplex autism risk. Nat Commun. 2014 Nov 24;5:5595. doi: 10.1038/ncomms6595.
- Ozkan ED, Creson TK, Kramár EA, Rojas C, Seese RR, Babyan AH, Shi Y, Lucero R,Xu X, Noebels JL, Miller CA, Lynch G, Rumbaugh G. Reduced cognition in Syngap1mutants is caused by isolated damage within developing forebrain excitatoryneurons. Neuron. 2014 Jun 18;82(6):1317-33. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.015.
- Parker MJ, Fryer AE, Shears DJ, Lachlan KL, McKee SA, Magee AC, Mohammed S,Vasudevan PC, Park SM, Benoit V, Lederer D, Maystadt I, Study D, FitzPatrick DR. De novo, heterozygous, loss-of-function mutations in SYNGAP1 cause a syndromicform of intellectual disability. Am J Med Genet A. 2015 Oct;167A(10):2231-7. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37189.
- Venkataraman GR, O'Connell C, Egawa F, Kashef-Haghighi D, Wall DP. DE NOVOMUTATIONS IN AUTISM IMPLICATE THE SYNAPTIC ELIMINATION NETWORK. Pac SympBiocomput. 2017;22:521-532. doi: 10.1142/9789813207813_0048.
- Wang CC, Held RG, Hall BJ. SynGAP regulates protein synthesis and homeostatic synaptic plasticity in developing cortical networks. PLoS One. 2013 Dec31;8(12):e83941. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083941.
