Encyclopedia
phospholipase C beta 4
- genes
1. Introduction
The PLCB4 gene provides instructions for making one form (the beta 4 isoform) of a protein called phospholipase C. This protein is involved in a signaling pathway within cells known as the phosphoinositide cycle, which helps transmit information from outside the cell to inside the cell. Phospholipase C carries out one particular step in the phosphoinositide cycle: the conversion of a molecule called phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to two smaller molecules, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol. These smaller molecules relay messages into the cell that ultimately influence many cell activities.
Studies suggest that the beta 4 isoform of phospholipase C contributes to the development of the first and second pharyngeal arches. These embryonic structures ultimately develop into the jawbones, facial muscles, middle ear bones, ear canals, outer ears, and related tissues. This protein is also thought to play a role in vision, particularly in the function of the retina, which is a specialized tissue at the back of the eye that detects light and color.
2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
2.1. Auriculo-condylar syndrome
At least nine mutations in the PLCB4 gene have been found to cause auriculo-condylar syndrome, a disorder that primarily affects the development of the ears and lower jaw (mandible). The identified mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in the the beta 4 isoform of phospholipase C. These changes likely alter the structure of the protein and impair the phosphoinositide cycle. Abnormal signaling alters the formation of the lower jaw: instead of developing normally, the lower jaw becomes shaped more like the smaller upper jaw (maxilla). The abnormal shape leads to an unusually small chin (micrognathia) and problems with jaw function. Researchers are working to determine how mutations in this gene lead to the other developmental abnormalities associated with auriculo-condylar syndrome.
3. Other Names for This Gene
- 1-phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate
- 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4
- ARCND2
- dJ1119D9.2 (Phopholipase C, beta 4 (1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-Bisphosphate Phosphodiesterase Beta 4))
- inositoltrisphosphohydrolase
- monophosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase
- phosphoinositidase C
- phosphoinositide phospholipase C-beta-4
- phospholipase C, beta 4
- PI-PLC
- PLC-beta-4
- PLCB4_HUMAN
- triphosphoinositide phosphodiesterase
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/plcb4
References
- Alvarez RA, Ghalayini AJ, Xu P, Hardcastle A, Bhattacharya S, Rao PN,Pettenati MJ, Anderson RE, Baehr W. cDNA sequence and gene locus of the humanretinal phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase-C beta 4 (PLCB4). Genomics. 1995 Sep 1;29(1):53-61.
- Gordon CT, Vuillot A, Marlin S, Gerkes E, Henderson A, AlKindy A,Holder-Espinasse M, Park SS, Omarjee A, Sanchis-Borja M, Bdira EB, Oufadem M,Sikkema-Raddatz B, Stewart A, Palmer R, McGowan R, Petit F, Delobel B, SpeicherMR, Aurora P, Kilner D, Pellerin P, Simon M, Bonnefont JP, Tobias ES,García-Miñaúr S, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Lindholm P, Meijer BA, Abadie V, DenoyelleF, Vazquez MP, Rotky-Fast C, Couloigner V, Pierrot S, Manach Y, Breton S,Hendriks YM, Munnich A, Jakobsen L, Kroisel P, Lin A, Kaban LB, Basel-VanagaiteL, Wilson L, Cunningham ML, Lyonnet S, Amiel J. Heterogeneity of mutationalmechanisms and modes of inheritance in auriculocondylar syndrome. J Med Genet.2013 Mar;50(3):174-86. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101331.
- Rieder MJ, Green GE, Park SS, Stamper BD, Gordon CT, Johnson JM, Cunniff CM,Smith JD, Emery SB, Lyonnet S, Amiel J, Holder M, Heggie AA, Bamshad MJ,Nickerson DA, Cox TC, Hing AV, Horst JA, Cunningham ML. A human homeotictransformation resulting from mutations in PLCB4 and GNAI3 causesauriculocondylar syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2012 May 4;90(5):907-14. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.002. Erratum in: Am J Hum Genet. 2012 Aug 10;91(2):397. AmJ Hum Genet. 2012 Jun 8;90(6):1116.
- Vines CM. Phospholipase C. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;740:235-54. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2888-2_10. Review.
