Peat Processing Technologies and Peat Applications: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Lauma Balode
,
Ketija Bumbiere
,
Viesturs Sosars
,
Kārlis Valters
,
Dagnija Blumberga

Peatlands can become valuable resources and greenhouse gas sinks through the use of different management practices. Peatlands provide carbon sequestration; however, they are also among the greatest greenhouse gas emissions sources. Peat is undervalued as a resource in the bioeconomy and innovation—a way that could save costs in peatland management. 

  • climate change
  • emissions
  • peatland management
  • restoration

1. Introduction

Peat plays a vital role in peatland ecosystems for vegetation growth and habitats, ensuring biological diversity [1][2][3]. Peatlands are critical in climate regulation as carbon sinks [1][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Peatlands are the most significant natural terrestrial carbon sink, which can continuously attract carbon from the atmosphere over long periods [8][10][11]. While peatlands cover only 3% [12][13][14] of the area, they store 30% of the world’s carbon [8][9]. The resource’s quality has decreased [15][16][17][18], and peat is currently viewed more as an emission source [5][15][19][20]. Peatlands have to be managed sustainably, interrupting extensive peatland drainage and extraction [21]. It is estimated that more than half of the peatlands in Europe are lost [22]. The increase in population density and intensity of agricultural practices has driven the increased drainage of large European peatlands [23]. In Europe, 25% of peatlands are estimated to be degraded [23].
In Europe, peatlands can be found in wide areas in Eastern Europe, Central Europe, and Northern Europe. These regions include Ireland, the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, The Netherlands, Poland, the Nordic countries, and all the Baltic states [24][25][26]. In Finland, more than 30% of the territory is covered with peatlands [12][17], but in Sweden, it is approximately 15% of the territory’s land surface [4]. In Iceland, peatlands cover ~9% of the total area [27], while in Norway, peatlands cover ~6% of the land territory [12].
About 12% of the peatland area has been drained and used for forestry and agriculture [28]. The water table is low at the drained peatland level; therefore, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increase. In peatlands where drainage has been carried out, CO2 is the main GHG emission [29]. It has been determined that drained peatland causes ~2% to 5% of the emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ~10% of CO2 emissions in total [30]. Degraded peatlands produce large GHG emissions and greatly affect peatlands’ water-holding resistance [31].
Peat continues to be one of the main energy sources in Europe, for example, in Sweden and Finland [32]. The extensive drainage of peatlands for agricultural use, extraction as an energy source, and removal of all but a thin peat layer explain the decrease in peat quality [20][33]. It is predicted that in northern peatlands, GHG emissions from peatlands might increase in the following years because of global warming [34]. The European Union (EU) is rated as the third greatest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter of degraded peatlands after Russia and Indonesia [31], with annual GHG emissions of roughly 220 million megatons of CO2 equivalents/year [35][36]. Some of the greatest CO2 emissions in the EU from degraded peatlands are in Poland, Germany, and Finland [31].

2. Technologies and Technological Processes in Peat Processing

Peat can serve as a replacement for fossil-based resources. The potential applications of peat biomass include using it as a raw material for building materials, in the food industry, and even as pharmaceutical products. Only a limited perspective can be found in the scientific literature on how peat can be processed for use in innovative products and materials as the key component or additive [37][38][39]. Peat can be used for energy production through gasification, direct combustion to produce electricity, or methane production [40]. Direct combustion for power production is a simple method for converting biomass energy into electrical energy. The process involves converting chemical energy into steam and then using this steam to rotate the turbine and generate power [40].
Gaseous and liquid substances are transformed at high and elevated temperatures in the gasification process. The thermochemical processes include drying, pyrolysis, combustion, cracking, and reduction. Biomass is converted into gaseous biofuels. It is a more complicated method than direct combustion [40].
Peat methane utilisation is a processing method for use with methane fuels, converting biogenic gas into electricity. The actual collection of CH4 from peatlands is meant here [40].
Processing techniques for energy peat are summarised in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Peat processing techniques for energy [40].
In Finland, 3–5% is used as a fuel resource [40]. However, peat is also used as a raw material in agriculture and livestock farming [40]. In northern Europe, peatlands are often transformed into grasslands, which can be used for dairy and livestock farming. In recent years, the bioeconomy has become a possible solution for the more sustainable use of peatlands [36][41][42]. The use of peat for energy purposes is evaluated with the lowest added value [33]. Developing technologies that can convert biomass into liquid biofuels, such as hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification, is an active area of research. Volatile organic compounds and carbon found in peat biomass can be converted into liquid biofuel [43][44].
Using different methods, peat can produce thermal insulation and raw materials in various construction materials substrates, and pharmaceutical products [45][46][47][48][49]. Also, an agro-industrial resource, peat, has a high but not fully used potential [37][50]. The following section discusses technologies and processing processes for producing non-energy peat materials and products. Before peat can be used as a raw material in products or materials, peat must undergo chemical and thermal treatment processes [43][51][52]. Various methods can be applied to process non-energy peat, such as extraction, pyrolysis, hydrolysis, thermal dissolution, and chemical modification [40][53]. Peat hydrolysis allows for the extraction of biologically active compounds from organic matter. Peat wax with valuable properties can be obtained for industry and medicinal applications. Pyrolysis produces liquid fuel, coke, and fuel gas [40][53]. The processing methods of non-energy peat are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Peat processing technologies for peat product manufacturing [40][53].

3. The Potential of High Added Value of Peat Products and Materials

After the literature review regarding peat processing methods, a further investigation of opportunities for peat’s industrial use in high-added-value products is required. Biomass from paludiculture can be used for innovative product production that might positively affect GHG emission reduction, partly replacing existing products that generate higher emissions [5].
  • Building materials
Peat’s possibilities have been proven in the building sector, where peat soil composite materials can be used as raw materials or additives. Peat soil can be a promising additive in construction materials, strengthening the durability of masonry blocks to meet necessary building standards. It is possible to improve building materials’ characteristics, including insulation properties, using peat as an additive or producing the products themselves [45][46][47][48][49][54]. In building materials, cement has often been used with high-lying peat, moistening peat with water first. Then, after the peat is wholly saturated with water, calcium oxide, which can be obtained by calcining limestone, is added to the peat [47]. The search for alternative and innovative thermal insulation solutions in renovation has been more common recently, including using peat as a raw material or additive in thermal insulation panels [37][48][49][55].
In Finland, research has been conducted on peat moss use as an effective insulation solution in buildings. It is also possible to use lowland peat as a raw material to produce thermal insulation materials. Thermal insulation materials using peat consist of peat binders, additives, and components for creating a framework [49][56]. It has been found that thermally treated fen peat, also known as black peat, can be mixed with gypsum and tar, which can then be used to produce thermal insulation materials [33][57].
There are examples of successful models in which the raw materials for creating heat insulation panels are wood in combination with peat, and the peat serves as a binder. Using peat as a binder makes it possible to produce sound-absorbing panels, whereas several models use natural fibres. These panels, made from natural resources, compete with synthetic materials [45][54].
If the thermal conductivity of a thermal insulation material is to be assessed, thermal insulation materials where peat is used can be compared to mineral wool on the market. It is estimated that the coefficient of thermal conductivity of peat moss material is 0.35 mW/mK [58], which is significantly lower than other insulation materials. In the panel production process, resin strengthens the thermal insulation panels [54][58].
Peat moss has potential use in the thermal insulation boards used in construction, with lower thermal conductivity in comparison to other materials [58]. Mats and moss slabs with a 100 kg/m3 density are estimated to have a thermal conductivity of 0.04 W/mK [58]. Peat moss is estimated to absorb ~30 times its weight in water before it becomes saturated [58]. Insulation panels made from peat moss possess better mechanical properties than wood panels. Peat moss panels are denser in comparison to other materials. Peat moss boards that contain tannin are comparable to cotton, and wet-processed peat moss boards have a higher water absorption than dry-processed [58].
3D-printed houses.
Peat mixture as an innovative solution in the building sector has emerged in recent years in Europe. Peat use in construction materials is more common in Norway, where peat is used in building new houses or renovating. Peat’s use in producing 3D-printing technologies as a construction material has been investigated in Estonia [49][57][59]. Geokar peat blocks are made using peat processed into a paste combined with straw or sawdust, which can be used to construct thermal insulation panels. Peat blocks can even be used for up to 75 years. It is estimated that using peat blocks in the building sector can reduce energy consumption. Architects have increasingly used biopositive materials in renovation and eco-building. Another possibility for peat use in construction is fibreboard made from agricultural residues and peat moss. Fibreboard using peat moss was evaluated as an effective and practical solution among the other insulation materials [49][59].
Peat has been successfully used as an effective thermal insulation material with high thermal properties. Peat’s thermal conductivity as an insulation material is from 0.037 to 0.08 W/m/K) [59]. Peat also has attractive antibacterial properties for use in construction materials [59].
A new type of peat composite building material was developed, allowing for the three-dimensional printing of entire house structures (walls, floors, ceilings, etc.). Peat can be used as a filler to improve materials’ thermal properties. The test samples were 3D-printed using a novel printing apparatus. The print head was a nozzle that conveyed a moist peat–ash mixture with compressed air [59]. In existing 3D printing technologies, concrete fibre clay has been used, but in test samples, a mixture of peat, silica, ash, and water was used for printing. The samples were kept at room temperature and 100% relative humidity [59]. Currently, the vast majority of production is focused on either planting substrates or using the product as fuel for heating purposes. It is possible to utilise peat as a building material, including for the 3D printing of whole buildings and for creating panels that provide thermal and acoustic insulation. Peat composite materials and their use as construction materials have been evaluated for their potential to reduce CO2 emissions from peat [59].
  • Biocomposites from peat
Peat composite materials in blocks or pellets are estimated to have potential in design and construction. The possibility of using peat is presented in the production of biological adhesives, where peat is a binder. For peat to be used as a biological binder, it must first be treated using hydro cavitation [60]. Biodegradable polymers should also be added to composite materials. Composite materials can be used both in construction and as a material for furniture production [61].
  • Packaging
Research shows that it is possible to use peat as an ingredient in biodegradable packaging, also promoting carbon sequestration. These packaging materials are an alternative solution to traditional plastics from fossil materials, reducing GHG emissions. Studies have shown a promising efficiency for peat as a raw material in packaging production. It has been investigated that it is possible to use peat as a raw material in producing biodegradable containers and films, thus offering the opportunity to use biological materials instead of traditional fossil materials. Such materials are rated as highly resistant to moisture and rotting risks [30][53][56].
  • Sorbents
It is possible to produce biosorbents from peat. Sorbents can be made from unprocessed peat. Biochar, where peat is used as a raw material, can serve as an alternative solution to chemical sorbents. Using biochar produced from peat positively affects carbon sequestration and water retention and improves soil fertility. Peat has been assessed as having a high potential for environmental remediation [62]. Using peat and producing activated carbon to purify liquid or gaseous media from pollution is also possible. The processing methods used are heat treatment and chemical modification. During the pyrolysis of peat, volatile organic compounds and moisture are separated, forming a denser carbon content. After removing organic compounds, the structure is porous, and biochar can provide better sorption. Decomposed peat can produce solid sorbents used to purify water from heavy metals, wastewater, and radioactive compounds [63][64][65]. The use of peat moss in biochar production has proven the possibility of removing higher concentrations of heavy metals from polluted water—with peat biochar, it was possible to remove more than 80% of lead and almost 40% of cadmium compounds from polluted water. Due to its porous structure and hydrophobicity, peat can be used as a sorbent to separate crude oil from water. Peat biosorbents are both a cost-effective solution, and biologically produced sorbents have been used more in recent years to remove crude oil in marine compared to chemical sorbents [63][64][65].
Activated carbon can also be used in the food industry, as well as in the pharmaceutical field. The possibilities of using activated carbon are also highly appreciated in the chemical industry, as it can be used to produce synthetic fibres. Compared to synthetic fibres, peat fibres are rated at lower costs. A low ash content characterises peat, and it is, therefore, evaluated as promising to produce activated carbon as a sorbent [65].
  • Filtration systems
The possibility of peat has been assessed for use in water filtration systems and municipal wastewater treatment. Peat is suitable for water treatment because of its porosity and filtering properties, essential for removing pollution from water. Peat is used as activated carbon or as a peat filter. With a peat filter or activated carbon, it is possible to purify water from heavy metals and organic compounds [66]. Peat moss can be used as a raw material to produce activated carbon. Activated carbon can be widely used in soil and water purification from organic and inorganic pollution sources [6].
  • Medicine and cosmetics
The possibilities of using peat are still being studied in pharmaceuticals and medicine. The use of peat in physiotherapy has been estimated as a potential application due to its heat capacity because of its decomposition state. Other uses include natural steroid formulations that use peat or anti-wrinkle products with peat ingredients. The selection of proper preparations requires research and the selection of raw materials, as the preparations must have a certain chemical composition and organic and mineral compounds [6][65].
  • Use of Humic acids
It is possible to dye paper with peat humic acids, reducing the release of hazardous compounds into wastewater that the dyed paper would otherwise cause. Studies have indicated that peat humic acids can be used as additives to influence the structure and properties of lubricants. Peat can be converted into humic acids and used to mix and process rubber. Humic acids have a wide range of uses: possible additives, antioxidants, pigment dispersants, and colourants [33].
  • Remediation of degraded soils
The potential for using peat has been assessed directly for the economically beneficial restoration of degraded soils. Peat material is used as a solution in rehabilitation processes. The use of peat to restore degraded soils is also called bioremediation. During this, peat separates oil and other polluting substances from soils, for example. In bioremediation, the absorbed oils are transformed into water and CO2 using peat [14][33].
The applications of peat based on the literature mentioned above are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Applications of peat [3][33][37][45][46][47][48][49][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][65][67][68].

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/app14062260

References

  1. Minayeva, T.Y.; Bragg, O.M.; Sirin, A.A. Towards ecosystem-based restoration of peatland biodiversity. Mires Peat 2017, 19, 1–36.
  2. Littlewood, N.; Anderson, P.; Artz, R.; Bragg, O.; Lunt, P.; Marrs, R. Peatland Biodiversity; IUCN UK Peatland Programme: Edinburgh, UK, 2010; 42p.
  3. Peters, J.; Von Unger, M. Peatlands in the EU Regulatory Environment; Bundesamt für Naturschutz: Bonn, Germany, 2017.
  4. Khodaei, B.; Hashemi, H.; Salimi, S.; Berndtsson, R. Substantial carbon sequestration by peatlands in temperate areas revealed by InSAR. Environ. Res. Lett. 2023, 18, 044012.
  5. Lahtinen, L.; Mattila, T.; Myllyviita, T.; Seppälä, J.; Vasander, H. Effects of paludiculture products on reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural peatlands. Ecol. Eng. 2022, 175, 106502.
  6. Humpenöder, F.; Karstens, K.; Lotze-Campen, H.; Leifeld, J.; Menichetti, L.; Barthelmes, A.; Popp, A. Peatland protection and restoration are key for climate change mitigation. Environ. Res. Lett. 2020, 15, 104093.
  7. Joosten, H. Peatlands, Climate Change Mitigation and Biodiversity Conservation; Nordic Council: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2015.
  8. Joosten, H.; Sirin, A.; Couwenberg, J.; Laine, J.; Smith, P. The role of peatlands in climate regulation. In Peatland Restoration and Ecosystem Services: Science, Policy and Practice; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2016; pp. 63–76.
  9. Zhao, J.; Weldon, S.; Barthelmes Swails, E.; Hergoualc’h, K.; Mander, Ü.; Qiu, C.; Connolly, J.; Silver, W.L. Global observation gaps of peatland greenhouse gas balances: Needs and obstacles. Biogeochemistry 2023, 1–16.
  10. Harenda, K.M.; Lamentowicz, M.; Samson, M.; Chojnicki, B.H. The role of peatlands and their carbon storage function in the context of climate change. In GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 169–187.
  11. Vanselow-Algan, M.; Schmidt, S.R.; Greven, M.; Fiencke, C.; Kutzbach, L.; Pfeiffer, E.M. High methane emissions dominated annual greenhouse gas balances 30 years after bog rewetting. Biogeosciences 2015, 12, 4361–4371.
  12. Minasny, B.; Adetsu, D.V.; Aitkenhead, M.; Artz, R.R.E.; Baggaley, N.; Barthelmes, A.; Beucher, A.; Caron, J.; Conchedda, G.; Connolly, J.; et al. Mapping and monitoring peatland conditions from global to field scale. Biogeochemistry 2023, 1–43.
  13. Ferré, M.; Muller, A.; Leifeld, J.; Bader, C.; Müller, M.; Engel, S.; Wichmann, S. Sustainable management of cultivated peatlands in Switzerland: Insights, challenges, and opportunities. Land Use Policy 2019, 87, 104019.
  14. Antala, M.; Juszczak, R.; van der Tol, C.; Rastogi, A. Impact of climate change-induced alterations in peatland vegetation phenology and composition on carbon balance. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 827, 154294.
  15. Pertiwi, N.; Tsusaka, T.W.; Sasaki, N.; Gunawan, E. Peatland conservation strategies and carbon pricing possibilities for climate change mitigation in Indonesia: A review. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2021, 892, 012061.
  16. Liu, W.; Fritz, C.; van Belle, J.; Nonhebel, S. Production in peatlands: Comparing ecosystem services of different land use options following conventional farming. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 875, 162534.
  17. E. Commission—Directorate-General Environment. Peatlands for LIFE. Available online: http://alkfens.kp.org.pl/en/ (accessed on 4 December 2023).
  18. Pschenyckyj, C.; Riondato, E.; Wilson, D.; Flood, K.; O’driscoll, C.; Renou-Wilson, F. Optimising Water Quality Returns from Peatland Management while Delivering Co-Benefits for Climate and Biodiversity; Report produced for An Fóram Uisce; Fóram Uisce: Nenagh, Ireland, 2021.
  19. He, H.; Roulet, N.T. Improved estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from drained peatlands support a reduction in emission factor. Commun. Earth Environ. 2023, 4, 1–6.
  20. Buschmann, C.; Röder, N.; Berglund, K.; Berglund, Ö.; Lærke, P.E.; Maddison, M.; Mander, Ü.; Myllys, M. Perspectives on agriculturally used drained peat soils: Comparison of the socioeconomic and ecological business environments of six European regions. Land Use Policy 2020, 90, 104181.
  21. Strategy for Responsible Peatland Management. 2019. Available online: www.peatlands.org (accessed on 15 November 2023).
  22. Akinyemi, F. Restoring Peatlands: Evidence-Based Insights for Policymakers. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372479468_Restoring_peatlands_Evidence-based_insights_for_policymakers (accessed on 29 December 2023).
  23. Tanneberger, F.; Moen, A.; Barthelmes, A.; Lewis, E.; Miles, L.; Sirin, A.; Tegetmeyer, C.; Joosten, H. Mires in Europe—Regional diversity, condition and protection. Diversity 2021, 13, 381.
  24. Peatland in Europe. Available online: https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ESDB_Archive/octop/Peatland.html (accessed on 4 December 2023).
  25. Global Peatlands Assessment: The State of the World’s Peatlands|UNEP—UN Environment Programme. Available online: https://www.unep.org/resources/global-peatlands-assessment-2022 (accessed on 6 September 2023).
  26. Vanags-Duka, M.; Bārdule, A.; Butlers, A.; Upenieks, E.M.; Lazdiņš, A.; Purviņa, D.; Līcīte, I. GHG Emissions from Drainage Ditches in Peat Extraction Sites and Peatland Forests in Hemiboreal Latvia. Land 2022, 11, 2233.
  27. Home—Landgræðslan. Available online: https://peatlands.land.is/ (accessed on 4 December 2023).
  28. Lehtonen, A.; Eyvindson, K.; Härkönen, K.; Leppä, K.; Salmivaara, A.; Peltoniemi, M.; Salminen, O.; Sarkkola, S.; Launiainen, S.; Ojanen, P.; et al. Potential of continuous cover forestry on drained peatlands to increase the carbon sink in Finland. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 15510.
  29. Darusman, T.; Murdiyarso, D.; Anas, I. Effect of rewetting degraded peatlands on carbon fluxes: A meta-analysis. Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Chang. 2023, 28, 1–20.
  30. Girkin, N.T.; Burgess, P.J.; Cole, L.; Cooper, H.V.; Honorio, C.E.; Davidson, S.J.; Hannam, J.; Harris, J.; Holman, I.; McCloskey, C.S.; et al. The three-peat challenge: Business as usual, responsible agriculture, and conservation and restoration as management trajectories in global peatlands. Carbon Manag. 2023, 14, 2275578.
  31. Nordbeck, R.; Hogl, K. National peatland strategies in Europe: Current status, key themes, and challenges. Reg. Environ. Chang. 2024, 24, 1–12.
  32. Sustainability Concept for Peat Finland Principles of Responsible Peat Production. 2020. Available online: www.vapo.com (accessed on 4 December 2023).
  33. Krumins Janis, K.M. Potential of Baltic Region Peat in High Added-Value Products and Environmentally Friendly Applications—A Review. 2021. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355429347_Potential_of_Baltic_Region_Peat_in_High_Added-value_Products_and_Environmentally_Friendly_Applications_-_A_Review (accessed on 26 June 2023).
  34. Mander, Ü.; Espenberg, M.; Melling, L.; Kull, A. Peatland restoration pathways to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and retain peat carbon. Biogeochemistry 2023, 1–21.
  35. Chen, C.; Loft, L.; Matzdorf, B. Lost in action: Climate friendly use of European peatlands needs coherence and incentive-based policies. Environ. Sci. Policy 2023, 145, 104–115.
  36. European Parliament; Directorate-General for Internal Policies of the Union; McDonald, H.; Frelih-Larsen, A.; Lóránt, A. Carbon Farming–Making Agriculture Fit for 2030; European Parliament: Strasbourg, France, 2021; Available online: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2861/099822 (accessed on 8 January 2024).
  37. Bajwa, D.S.; Sitz, E.D.; Bajwa, S.G.; Barnick, A.R. Evaluation of cattail (Typha spp.) for manufacturing composite panels. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2015, 75, 195–199.
  38. Joosten, H. Global Guidelines for Peatland Rewetting and Restoration. 2022. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359773792_Global_guidelines_for_peatland_rewetting_and_restoration (accessed on 14 December 2023).
  39. Joosten, H. Peatlands—Guidance for Climate Changes Mitigation through Conservation, Rehabilitation and Sustainable Use. 2012. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298105346_Peatlands_-_guidance_for_climate_changes_mitigation_through_conservation_rehabilitation_and_sustainable_use (accessed on 18 December 2023).
  40. Falatehan, A.F.; Sari, D.A.P. Characteristics of Peat Biomass as an Alternative Energy and Its Impact on the Environment. Solid State Technol. 2020, 63, 4700–4712.
  41. International Peat Society. Peatlands and Climate Change; International Peat Society: Quebec, QC, Canada, 2008.
  42. Tanneberger, F.; Appulo, L.; Ewert, S.; Lakner, S.; Brolcháin, Ó.N.; Peters, J.; Wichtmann, W. The Power of Nature-Based Solutions: How Peatlands Can Help Us to Achieve Key EU Sustainability Objectives. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 2021, 5, 2000146.
  43. Prasad, M.; Tzortzakis, N. Critical review of chemical properties of biochar as a component of growing media. Acta Hortic. 2021, 1317, 115–124.
  44. Aitkenhead, M.; Castellazzi, M.; Mckeen, M.; Hare, M.; Artz, R.; Reed, M. Peatland Restoration and Potential Emissions Savings on Agricultural Land: An Evidence Assessment. Exec. Summ. 2021.
  45. Korjakins, A.; Toropovs, N.; Kara, P.; Upeniece, L.; Shakhmenko, G. Application of Peat, Wood Processing and Agricultural Industry By-products in Producing the Insulating Building Materials. J. Sustain. Archit. Civ. Eng. 2013, 1, 62–68.
  46. Voropai, L.; Sinitsyn, A.; Tikhanovskaya, G.; Yukhtarova, O. Technology for Producing Peat Heat-Insulating Boards Using Organosilicon Polymers. E3S Web Conf. 2020, 4, 161.
  47. Sinitsyn, A.; Voropay, L.; Salikhova, R.; Yukhtarova, O. Relationship between operational properties of peat heat-insulating materials and the content of mineral binders in them. E3S Web Conf. 2020, 178, 01047.
  48. Fedorik, F.; Zach, J.; Lehto, M.; Kymäläinen, H.R.; Kuisma, R.; Jallinoja, M.; Illikainen, K.; Alitalo, S. Hygrothermal properties of advanced bio-based insulation materials. Energy Build. 2021, 253, 111528.
  49. Bakatovich, A.; Gaspar, F. Composite material for thermal insulation based on moss raw material. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 228, 116699.
  50. Krus, M.; Werner, T.; Großkinsky, T.; Georgiev, G. View of A New Load-Bearing Insulation Material Made of Cattail. Acad. J. Civ. Eng. 2015, 33, 666–673. Available online: https://journal.augc.asso.fr/index.php/ajce/article/view/1799/1269 (accessed on 7 November 2023).
  51. Giannini, V.; Peruzzi, E.; Masciandaro, G.; Doni, S.; Macci, C.; Bonari, E.; Silvestri, N. Comparison among Different Rewetting Strategies of Degraded Agricultural Peaty Soils: Short-Term Effects on Chemical Properties and Ecoenzymatic Activities. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1084.
  52. Glaser, B.; Asomah, A. Plant Growth and Chemical Properties of Commercial Biochar- versus Peat-Based Growing Media. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 339.
  53. Korytko, O.O. Prospects for the use of peat in biotechnology and for production products of its processing. Sci. Messenger LNU Vet. Med. Biotechnol. 2020, 22, 126–131.
  54. Kain, G.; Morandini, M.; Stamminger, A.; Granig, T.; Tudor, E.M.; Schnabel, T.; Petutschnigg, A. Production and Physical–Mechanical Characterization of Peat Moss (Sphagnum) Insulation Panels. Materials 2021, 14, 6601.
  55. Efanov, M.V.; Kon’shin, V.V.; Sinitsyn, A.A. Production of Composite Materials from Peat and Wood by Explosive Autohydrolysis. Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 2019, 92, 45–49.
  56. Vasiļjeva, T.; Korjakins, A. The Development of Peat and Wood-Based Thermal Insulation Material Production Technology. Constr. Sci. 2018, 20, 60–67.
  57. Zain, N.H.M.; Mustapha, M.; Abdul Rahman, A.S. Settlement Behaviour of Peat Reinforced With Recycled Waste Tyre Granules. MATEC Web Conf. 2019, 266, 04002.
  58. Morandini, M.C.; Kain, G.; Eckardt, J.; Petutschnigg, A.; Tippner, J. Physical-Mechanical Properties of Peat Moss (Sphagnum) Insulation Panels with Bio-Based Adhesives. Materials 2022, 15, 3299.
  59. Liiv, J.; Teppand, T.; Rikmann, E.; Tenno, T. Novel eco-sustainable peat and oil shale ash-based 3D-printable composite material. Sustain. Mater. Technol. 2018, 17, e00067.
  60. Irtiseva, K.; Lapkovskis, V.; Mironovs, V.; Ozolins, J.; Thakur, V.K.; Goel, G.; Baronins, J.; Shishkin, A. Towards Next-Generation Sustainable Composites Made of Recycled Rubber, Cenospheres, and Biobinder. Polymers 2021, 13, 574.
  61. Irtiseva, K. Towards Next Generation Sustainable Rubber Composites from Biobinder Made of Homogenised Peat. 2020. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347939976_Towards_Next_Generation_Sustainable_Rubber_Composites_from_Biobinder_Made_of_Homogenised_Peat (accessed on 27 June 2023).
  62. Kamgar, A.; Hassanajili, S.; Unbehaun, H. Oil spill remediation from water surface using induction of magnetorheological behaviour in oil by functionalized sawdust. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2020, 160, 119–128.
  63. AlAmeri, K.; Giwa, A.; Yousef, L.; Alraeesi, A.; Taher, H. Sorption and removal of crude oil spills from seawater using peat-derived biochar: An optimization study. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 250, 109465.
  64. Silvius, M.; Giesen, W.; Lubis, R.; Salathé, T. Ramsar Advisory Mission N◦ 85 Berbak National Park Ramsar Site N◦ 554 (with references to Sembilang National Park Ramsar Site N° 1945) Peat fire prevention through green land development and conservation, peatland rewetting and public awareness. Ramsar Conv. Rep. 2018, 554, 1–60.
  65. Bambalov, N.; Clarke, D.; Tomson, A.; Sokolov, G. The use of peat as a raw material for chemistry today and in the future. In Proceedings of the 13th International Peat Congress: Chemical, Physical and Biological Characteristics of Peat; The Institute for Problems of Natural Resources Use and Ecology: Minsk, Belarus, 2008; pp. 316–319.
  66. Arifianingsih, N.N.; Zevi, Y.; Helmy, Q.; Notodarmojo, S.; Fujita, H.; Shimayama, Y.; Kirihara, M. Peat water treatment using oxidation and physical filtration system and its performance in reducing iron (Fe), turbidity, and colour. E3S Web Conf. 2020, 148, 07011.
  67. Dremicheva, E.S. Energetic properties of peat saturated with petroleum products. Saf. Reliab. Power Ind. 2020, 13, 105–109.
  68. Irtiseva, K.; Mosina, M.; Tumilovica, A.; Lapkovskis, V.; Mironovs, V.; Ozolins, J.; Stepanova, V.; Shishkin, A. Application of Granular Biocomposites Based on Homogenised Peat for Absorption of Oil Products. Materials 2022, 15, 1306.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback