Bone and Vertebral Infections by L. monocytogenes: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Marco Bongiovanni
,
Claudio Cavallo
,
Beatrice Barda
,
Lukasz Strulak
,
Enos Bernasconi
,
Andrea Cardia

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium which can be found in soil or water. Infection with the microorganism can occur after ingestion of contaminated food products. Small and large outbreaks of listeriosis have been described in the past. L. monocytogenes can cause a number of different clinical syndromes, most frequently sepsis, meningitis, and rhombencephalitis, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. L. monocytogenes systemic infections can develop following tissue penetration across the gastrointestinal tract or to hematogenous spread to sterile sites, possibly evolving towards bacteremia. L. monocytogenes only rarely causes bone or joint infections, usually in the context of prosthetic material that can provide a site for bacterial seeding.

  • L. monocytogenes
  • imaging
  • microbiological diagnosis
  • surgical approach
  • antibiotic treatment
  • infections

1. Introduction

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, motile, facultative, anaerobe bacteria that inhibits a broad ecologic niche [1][2]. The microorganism can be isolated from soil, water, and vegetation, including raw vegetables intended for human consumption without further processing [3][4]. Newer chromogenic media may offer advantages in the detection of contaminated food [5][6]. The surface contamination of meat and vegetables is common, with up to 15% of these foods harboring the microorganism. Furthermore, L. monocytogenes is a transient inhabitant of both animal and human gastrointestinal tracts; intermittent carriage suggests possible frequent exposure [7][8]. Usually, the gut is the source for microorganisms in case of invasive listeriosis; the virulence factor ActA is associated with carriage development [9]. The microorganism has a competitive advantage against other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in cold environments, such as refrigerators; it is also amplified in spoiled food products, possibly leading to increased alkalinity. Feeding of spoiled silage with a high pH has resulted in epidemics of listeriosis in sheep and cattle [10]. Several foodborne outbreaks of listeriosis have been the result of animal epidemics; the first one occurred in Canada and was associated with the ingestion of contaminated coleslaw [11]. Subsequently, many other foodstuffs have been implicated in different outbreaks, including cheeses made with raw or pasteurized milk or milk derivates [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], meat products [24][25][26][27][28][29], and fruits and vegetables [30][31][32][33][34]. Table 1 summarizes the food products that are usually implicated in the occurrence of foodborne listeriosis. In addition, hospitalized individuals also seem to be at risk of acquiring L. monocytogenes infections [35]. To optimize the tracking of listeriosis cases, whole-genome sequencing has been developed; this has replaced older techniques, such as serotyping [36][37]. However, the question of why outbreaks of listeriosis can occur in humans remains incompletely understood; a possible enhancement of organism-specific virulence factors may play a role in developing epidemic dissemination.
Table 1. Foods that are usually implicated in foodborne listeriosis.
Dairy Products Fruits and Vegetables Meat Products Fish Products
Pasteurized whole milk
Chocolate milk
Soft cheese (different types)
Hard cheese
Mexican-style cheese
Goat cheese
Ice cream
Fresh cream		 Coleslaw (cabbage)
Lettuce
Corn
Rice salad
Salted mushrooms
Sprouts
Strawberries
Nectarines
Apples
Cantaloupes
Blueberries
Stone fruit		 Delicatessen foods (deli meats)
Pâté
Foie gras
Uncooked hot dogs
“Rillettes”
Pork tongue in aspic
Pork pie
Beef
Turkey franks
Jellied pork
Cooked ham
Ox tongue
Undercooked chicken		 Shrimp salad Tuna salad
Smoked fish
L. monocytogenes only rarely causes bone and joint infections; this usually occurs in the context of prosthetic material that can provide a site for bacterial seeding.

2. Imaging Techniques

When suspecting bone or vertebral infections, the use of imaging techniques such as radiography or CT scans could provide valuable information in terms of bone erosions and vertebral bone integrity, mainly in the later stages of the disease; during the early stage of infection, no significant finding is usually detected. Furthermore, spinal stability must be assessed among patients in whom surgical management is being considered. Indeed, vertebral collapse, kyphotic deformity, and loss of normal lordosis can be found in advanced infections. CT also provides guidance for percutaneous aspirations in order to provide specimens for bacteriologic analysis in the presence of a fluid collection. MRI is the gold standard and represents the diagnostic imaging modality of choice. It should be performed among all patients for whom a spinal infection is suspected, unless contraindicated. Unenhanced T1-weighted images usually reveal a hypointense signal at the level of the end plates in the vertebral body and loss of a normal hyperintense fat signal in the vertebral bone marrow. T2-weighted imaging reveals a high signal corresponding to edema in the disk space and occasionally in the bone and paravertebral soft tissues. Gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted imaging can demonstrate the contrast enhancement of the vertebral body, end plates, the prevertebral and paravertebral soft tissues, and the epidural space. Whenever the MRI is contraindicated or non-diagnostic (e.g., due to the presence of metallic implants causing artifacts), other imaging modalities should be considered. CT myelography provides another way of visualizing the spinal cord and ruling out compression in the setting of suspected cauda equina syndrome. On the contrary, nuclear medicine scans with radionuclide studies offer a high degree of sensitivity in the early stages of the disease. Spinal infections can occasionally be multifocal, so the whole spine should be scanned if an infectious focus is detected.

3. Microbiological Diagnosis

The determination of a microbiological diagnosis of L. monocytogenes bone or vertebral infection is challenging, especially in the absence of referred exposures or negative blood tests. In this context, aspiration biopsy or surgical sampling represent the optimal method of providing a valid microbiological diagnosis. As a consequence, empiric antibiotic therapy should be delayed if the patient is hemodynamically stable and has no neurological signs in order to obtain valid samples for cultures; postponing antimicrobial administration can improve the microbiological yield, so it could be preferably deferred in the absence of life-threatening conditions or spinal cord involvement [38]. However, the initiation of an antibiotic treatment does not always preclude undertaking a biopsy [39]; in those cases where antibiotic treatment has already been started, it has been demonstrated that interrupting and withholding antibiotics for 2 weeks led to a better yield compared to holding for only 3 days pre-biopsy [40]. These data can vary according to the pharmacokinetics, dose, duration, and bone penetration of the selected antibiotic. Nevertheless, a short duration of empiric antibiotic exposure does not negatively impact pathogen recovery and therefore is not an absolute contraindication for biopsy [41]. Therefore, all these diagnostic and therapeutic issues should be taken into consideration when managing L. monocytogenes vertebral infections.

4. Surgical Approach

In the absence of neurological deficits or sepsis, the optimal therapeutic approach comprises medical management with adequate intravenous antibiotics and immobilization of the affected spinal segment. Antibiotic therapy should be started as soon as the microorganism has been isolated in order to achieve sterilization of the infected bone or vertebral disc and prevent the occurrence of a neurological deficit or painful deformity. The duration of antibiotic therapy varies depending on the extent of bone involvement and the status of the patient’s immune system. Neurosurgical intervention should be considered only after taking into account a given patient’s neurological status as well as the extent of bone erosion and the specific vertebral level involved. The principles of surgical treatment include debridement of infected tissue, decompression of neural elements, and the restoration of spinal alignment and/or correction of spinal instability. The presence of neurological deficits is considered to be the most important factor in the decision-making process. Regardless of the duration of the weakness, emergency surgical intervention is offered unless the motor deficit is minimal. Patients for whom non-surgical management is considered should be carefully monitored; this is because early progression with neurological deterioration may occur rapidly. Surgical approaches for spinal infections are usually dictated by the site of compression (ventrally vs. dorsally located lesions) and tailored to the vertebral level involved. The nature of the compressive lesion is also relevant; the liquid collection of pus can be drained, whereas a mass of granulation tissue or retro pulsed bone are better addressed with an open surgical approach. In addition, the optimal surgical approach is selected after consideration of the intrinsic features of each anatomic region of the spine and the likelihood of postoperative instability. The degree of kyphotic deformity, the number of vertebral elements involved, and the bone and posterior tension band integrity can be used to determine the extent of spinal instrumentation required to restore stability. Surgical intervention is also indicated after the failure of medical management or patients with chronic pain, significant deformity, or spine instability in the setting of spinal infection or its sequelae.

5. Antibiotic Treatment of Bone and Vertebral L. monocytogenes Infections

Reports of L. monocytogenes bone infections are usually described in patients with predisposing factors, such as diabetes, leukemia, or receipt of long-term corticosteroids or immune-modulant treatments [42][43][44][45][46]. Usually, native vertebral L. monocytogenes infections have an insidious course, with symptoms, especially back pain, that could be present for over a year, as described in previous reports [47][48]. In the review by Charlier et al., more than 70% of cases of listeriosis involving bone and joint infections were subacute or chronic at the onset. Furthermore, most of these cases occurred in the hip (60%) and in prosthetic joints [42]. In this research, patients with osteomyelitis caused by L. monocytogenes showed only a mild increased in inflammatory markers compared with those with other forms of bacterial osteomyelitis. Vertebral osteomyelitis represents an even less frequent localization of invasive listeriosis. To date, eight cases [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] have been reported in the literature and most of them had significant risk factors for developing invasive listeriosis (Table 2). Figure 1 showed the MRI evolution of a patient with epidural abscess by L. monocytogenes from diagnosis to complete recovery after both surgical and antibiotic treatment [55]. All these patients were treated with ampicillin or amoxicillin or benzyl penicillin; five patients received a treatment combination with aminoglycosides; treatment duration was highly heterogeneous among these reports, ranging from 6 to 28 weeks in accordance with possible delayed clinical responses. Only one report [51] used trimetoprim/sulphametoxazole as an oral maintenance treatment; however, this was not combined with amoxicillin in any of the studies. Oral use of amoxicillin was described in two other reports and was administered for a total of 12 and 18 weeks, respectively [52][53]. The antibiotic treatment should often be associated with surgical intervention in cases of spinal L. monocytogenes infections, especially for those patients experiencing neurological deficit, cord compression, destruction of the vertebrae with instability, large epidural abscesses, or inadequate responses to antimicrobials [56].
Microorganisms 12 00178 g001
Figure 1. Evolution of MRI in a patient with epidural abscess by L. monocytogenes. (1a) T2 weighted image at baseline; (1b) T2 weighted image after 10 days; (1c,1d) T2 and T1 weighted with contrast at clinical resolution.
Table 2. Characteristics of patients with Listeria monocytogenes vertebral osteomyelitis.
Author Age Gender Co-Morbidities Clinical Symptoms Duration of Symptoms Antibiotic Treatment and Duration Surgery
Adebolu et al. [47] 60 M Polymyalgia rheumatica Back pain 12 months Ampicillin, IV, 6 weeks
Gentamicin, IV, 2 weeks		 Yes
Khan et al. [48] 69 M Prior spinal laminectomy Back pain 5 months Ampicillin, IV *
Gentamicin, IV *		 Yes
Camp et al. [49] 67 M DM, prior lumbar surgery Back pain Unknown Oxacillin, IV *
Streptomycin, IV *		 Yes
Chirgwin et al. [50] 57 M DM, asthma Fever, back pain 3 weeks Ampicillin, IV, 6 weeks
Tobramycin, IV, 6 weeks		 Yes
Aubin et al. [51] 92 M DM, heart failure, hip arthroplasty Fever 1 week Amoxicillin, IV, 6 days
Gentamicin, IV, 4 days
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, oral, 12 weeks		 Yes
Hasan et al. [52] 63 M DM, aortic valve replacement Fever, back pain 2 days Benzyl penicillin, IV, 6 weeks
Rifampicin, oral, 4 weeks
Amoxicillin, oral, 18 weeks		 Yes
Duarte et al. [53] 65 M DM Fever 5 days Ampicillin, IV, 2 weeks
Amoxicillin, oral, 12 weeks		 Yes
Al Ohaly et al. [54] 79 M Hypertension, carotid bypass, repair of AAA Back pain 3 weeks Ampicillin, IV, 6 weeks No
M: male; DM: diabetes mellitus; IV: intravenously; AAA: abdominal aortic aneurysm; * duration not specified.

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/microorganisms12010178

References

  1. Welshimer, H.J.; Donker-Voet, J. Listeria monocytogenes in nature. Appl. Microbiol. 1971, 21, 516–519.
  2. Linke, K.; Ruckerl, I.; Brugger, K.; Karpiskova, R.; Walland, J.; Muri-Klinger, S.; Tichy, A.; Wagner, M.; Stessl, B. Reservoirs of Listeria species in three environmental ecosystems. Appl. Environ. Micro. 2014, 80, 5583–5592.
  3. Law, J.W.; Mutalib, N.S.; Chan, K.G.; Lee, L.H. An insight into the isolation, enumeration, and molecular detection of Listeria monocytogenes in food. Front. Microbiol. 2015, 6, 1227–1242.
  4. Graves, L.M.; Swaminathan, B.; Ajello, G.W.; Malcolm, G.D.; Weaver, R.E.; Ransom, R.; Dever, K.; Plikaytis, B.D.; Schuchat, A.; Wenger, J.D.; et al. Comparison of three selective enrichment methods for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from naturally contaminated foods. J. Food Prot. 1992, 55, 952–959.
  5. Bres, V.; Yang, H.; Hsu, E.; Ren, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Wisniewski, M.; Hanhan, M.; Zaslavsky, P.; Noll, N.; Weaver, B.; et al. Listeria monocytogenes LmG2 detection assay using transcription mediated amplification to detect Listeria monocytogenes in selected foods and stainless steel surfaces. J. AOAC Int. 2014, 97, 1343–1358.
  6. Reissbrodt, R. New chromogenic plating media for detection and enumeration of pathogenic Listeria spp.: An overview. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004, 95, 1–9.
  7. Grif, K.; Hein, I.; Wagner, M.; Brandl, E.; Mpamugo, O.; McLauchlin, J.; Dierich, M.P.; Allerberger, F. Prevalence and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in the feces of healthy Austrians. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 2001, 113, 737–742.
  8. Gahan, C.G.; Hill, C. Listeria monocytogenes: Survival and adaptation in the gastrointestinal tract. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2014, 4, 9–16.
  9. Travier, L.; Guadagnini, S.; Gouin, E.; Dufour, A.; Chenal-Francisque, V.; Cossart, P.; Olivo-Marin, J.C.; Ghigo, J.M.; Disson, O.; Lecuit, M. ActA promotes Listeria monocytogenes aggregation, intestinal colonization and carriage. PLoS Pathog. 2013, 9, e1003131.
  10. Low, J.C.; Renton, C.P. Septicaemia, encephalitis and abortions in a housed flock of sheep caused by Listeria monocytogenes type 1/2. Vet. Rec. 1985, 116, 147–150.
  11. Schlech, W.F., III; Lavigne, P.M.; Bortolussi, R.A.; Allen, A.C.; Haldane, E.V.; Wort, A.J.; Hightower, A.W.; Johnson, S.E.; King, S.H.; Nicholls, E.S.; et al. Epidemic listeriosis: Evidence for transmission by food. N. Engl. J. Med. 1983, 308, 203–206.
  12. Büla, C.J.; Bille, J.; Glauser, M.P. An epidemic of food-borne listeriosis in western Switzerland: Description of 57 cases involving adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 1995, 20, 66–72.
  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Outbreak of listeriosis associated with homemade Mexican-style cheese: North Carolina, October 2000–January 2001. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2001, 50, 560–562.
  14. Fretz, R.; Pichler, J.; Sagel, U.; Much, P.; Ruppitsch, W.; Pietzka, A.T.; Stoger, A.; Huhulescu, S.; Heuberger, S.; Appl, G.; et al. Update: Multinational listeriosis outbreak due to ‘quargel’, a sour milk curd cheese, caused by two different L. monocytogenesserotype 1/2a strains, 2009–2010. Euro Surveill. 2010, 22, 19543.
  15. Carrique-Mas, J.J.; Hökeberg, I.; Andersson, Y.; Arneborn, M.; Tham, W.; Danielsson-Tham, M.L.; Osterman, B.; Leffler, M.; Steen, M.; Eriksson, E.; et al. Febrile gastroenteritis after eating on-farm manufactured fresh cheese: An outbreak of listeriosis? Epidemiol. Infect. 2003, 130, 79–86.
  16. Linnan, M.J.; Mascola, L.; Lou, X.D.; Goulet, V.; May, S.; Salminen, C.; Hird, D.W.; Yonekura, M.L.; Hayes, P.; Weaver, R.; et al. Epidemic listeriosis associated with Mexican-style cheese. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, 319, 823–828.
  17. Choi, M.J.; Jackson, K.A.; Medus, C.; Beal, J.; Rigdon, C.E.; Cloyd, T.C.; Forstner, M.J.; Ball, J.; Bosch, S.; Bottichio, L.; et al. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to soft-ripened cheese: United States, 2013. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2014, 63, 294–295.
  18. Jackson, K.A.; Biggerstaff, M.; Tobin-D’Angelo, M.; Sweat, D.; Klos, R.; Nosari, J.; Garrison, O.; Boothe, E.; Saathoff-Huber, L.; Hainstock, L.; et al. Multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes associated with Mexican-style cheese made from pasteurized milk among pregnant, Hispanic women. J. Food Prot. 2011, 74, 949–953.
  19. Koch, J.; Dworak, R.; Prager, R.; Becker, B.; Brockmann, S.; Wicke, A.; Wichmann-Schauer, H.; Hof, H.; Werber, D.; Stark, K. Large listeriosis outbreak linked to cheese made from pasteurized milk, Germany, 2006–2007. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 2010, 7, 1581–1584.
  20. Heiman, K.E.; Garalde, V.B.; Gronostaj, M.; Jackson, K.A.; Beam, S.; Joseph, L.; Saupe, A.; Ricotta, E.; Waechter, H.; Wellman, A.; et al. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis caused by imported cheese and evidence of cross-contamination of other cheeses, USA, 2012. Epidemiol. Infect. 2016, 144, 2698–2708.
  21. Fleming, D.W.; Cochi, S.L.; MacDonald, K.L.; Brondum, J.; Hayes, P.S.; Plikaytis, B.D.; Holmes, M.B.; Audurier, A.; Broome, C.V.; Reingold, A.L. Pasteurized milk as a vehicle of infection in an outbreak of listeriosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985, 312, 404–407.
  22. Dalton, C.B.; Austin, C.C.; Sobel, J.; Hayes, P.S.; Bibb, W.F.; Graves, L.M.; Swaminathan, B.; Proctor, M.E.; Griffin, P.M. An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 336, 100–105.
  23. Lyytikäinen, O.; Autio, T.; Maijala, R.; Ruutu, P.; Honkanen-Buzalski, T.; Miettinen, M.; Hatakka, M.; Mikkola, J.; Anttila, V.J.; Johansson, T.; et al. An outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 3a infections from butter in Finland. J. Infect. Dis. 2000, 181, 1838–1841.
  24. MMWR. Public health dispatch: Outbreak of listeriosis: Northeastern United States. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2002, 51, 950–951.
  25. de Valk, H.; Vaillant, V.; Jacquet, C.; Rocourt, J.; Le Querrec, F.; Stainer, F.; Quelquejeu, N.; Pierre, O.; Pierre, V.; Desenclos, J.C.; et al. Two consecutive nationwide outbreaks of listeriosis in France, October 1999–February 2000. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001, 154, 944–950.
  26. Hachler, H.; Marti, G.; Giannini, P.; Lehner, A.; Jost, M.; Beck, J.; Weiss, F.; Bally, B.; Jermini, M.; Stephan, R.; et al. Outbreak of listeriosis due to imported cooked ham. Euro Surveill. 2013, 18, 20469.
  27. Smith, B.; Larsson, J.T.; Lisby, M.; Müller, L.; Madsen, S.B.; Engberg, J.; Bangsborg, J.; Ethelberg, S.; Kemp, M. Outbreak of listeriosis caused by infected beef meat from a meals-on-wheels delivery in Denmark 2009. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2011, 17, 50–52.
  28. Currie, A.; Farber, J.M.; Nadon, C.; Sharma, D.; Whitfield, Y.; Gaulin, C.; Galanis, E.; Bekal, S.; Flint, J.; Tschetter, L.; et al. Multi-province listeriosis outbreak linked to contaminated deli meat consumed primarily in institutional settings, Canada, 2008. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 2015, 12, 645–652.
  29. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. Situation Report on Listeriosis Outbreak, South Africa, 2017. 4 December 2017; pp. 1–3. Available online: https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/listeriaclassactioncoza-images/pdfs/NICD-Situation-Report-20-December-2017.pdf (accessed on 11 December 2023).
  30. Self, J.L.; Conrad, A.; Stroika, S.; Jackson, A.; Burnworth, L.; Beal, J.; Wellman, A.; Jackson, K.A.; Bidol, S.; Gerhardt, T.; et al. Outbreak of listeriosis associated with consumption of packaged salad: United States and Canada. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2016, 65, 879–881.
  31. Angelo, K.M.; Conrad, A.R.; Saupe, A.; Dragoo, H.; West, N.; Sorenson, A.; Barnes, A.; Doyle, M.; Beal, J.; Jackson, K.A.; et al. Multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections linked to whole apples used in commercially produced, prepackaged caramel apples: United States, 2014–2015. Epidemiol. Infect. 2017, 145, 848–856.
  32. Jackson, B.R.; Salter, M.; Tarr, C.; Conrad, A.; Harvey, E.; Steinbock, L.; Saupe, A.; Sorenson, A.; Katz, L.; Stroika, S.; et al. Listeriosis associated with stone fruit: United States, 2014. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2014, 64, 282–283.
  33. Gaul, L.K.; Farag, N.H.; Shim, T.; Kingsley, M.A.; Silk, B.J.; Hyytia-Trees, E. Hospital-acquired listeriosis outbreak caused by contaminated diced celery: Texas, 2010. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2013, 56, 20–26.
  34. McCollum, J.T.; Cronquist, A.B.; Silk, B.J.; Jackson, K.A.; O’Connor, K.A.; Cosgrove, S.; Gossack, J.P.; Parachini, S.S.; Jain, N.S.; Ettestad, P.; et al. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis associated with cantaloupe. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 369, 944–953.
  35. Silk, B.J.; McCoy, M.H.; Iwamoto, M.; Griffin, P.M. Foodborne listeriosis acquired in hospitals. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2014, 59, 532–540.
  36. Datta, A.R.; Burall, L.S. Serotype to genotype: The changing landscape of listeriosis outbreak investigations. Food Microbiol. 2017, 75, 18–27.
  37. Kwong, J.C.; Mercoulia, K.; Tomita, T.; Easton, M.; Li, H.Y.; Bulach, D.M.; Stinear, T.P.; Seemann, T.; Howden, B.P. Prospective whole genome sequencing enhances national surveillance of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2016, 54, 333–342.
  38. De Lucas, E.M.; Mandly, A.G.; Gutiérrez, A.; Pellón, R.; Martín-Cuesta, L.; Izquierdo, J.; Sánchez, E.; Ruiz, E.; Quintana, F. CT-guided fine-needle aspiration in vertebral osteomyelitis: True usefulness of a common practice. Clin. Rheumatol. 2009, 28, 315–320.
  39. McNamara, A.L.; Dickerson, E.C.; Gomez-Hassan, D.M.; Cinti, S.K.; Srinivasan, A. Yield of Image-Guided Needle Biopsy for Infectious Discitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2017, 38, 2021–2027.
  40. Trampuz, A.; Piper, K.E.; Jacobson, M.J.; Hanssen, A.D.; Unni, K.K.; Osmon, D.R.; Mandrekar, J.N.; Cockerill, F.R.; Steckelberg, J.M.; Greenleaf, J.F.; et al. Sonication of removed hip and knee prostheses for diagnosis of infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357, 654–663.
  41. Marschall, J.; Bhavan, K.P.; Olsen, M.A.; Fraser, V.G.; Wright, N.M.; Warren, D.K. The impact of prebiopsy antibiotics on pathogen recovery in hematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011, 52, 867–872.
  42. Charlier, C.; Perrodeau, E.; Leclercq, A.; Cazenave, B.; Pilmis, B.; Henry, B.; Lopes, A.; Maury, M.M.; Moura, A.; Lortholary, O.; et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: The MONALISA national prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2017, 17, 510–519.
  43. Merle-Melet, M.; Dossou-Gbete, L.; Maurer, P.; Meyer, P.; Lozniewski, A.; Kuntzburger, O.; Weber, M.; Gerard, A. Is amoxicillin-cotrimoxazole the most appropriate antibiotic regimen for listeria meningoencephalitis? Review of 22 cases and the literature. J. Infect. 1996, 33, 79–85.
  44. Louthrenoo, W.; Schumacher, H.R., Jr. Listeria monocytogenes osteomyelitis complicating leukemia: Report and literature review of Listeria osteoarticular infections. J. Rheumatol. 1990, 17, 107–110.
  45. Del Pozo, J.L.; de la Garza, R.G.; de Rada, P.D.; Ornilla, E.; Yuste, J.R. Listeria monocytogenes septic arthritis in a patient treated with mycophenolate mofetil for polyarteritis nodosa: A case report and review of the literature. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2013, 17, e132–e133.
  46. Kubota, T.; Mori, Y.; Yamada, G.; Cammack, I.; Shinohara, T.; Matsuzaka, S.; Hoshi, T. Listeria monocytogenes Ankle Osteomyelitis in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis on Adalimumab: A Report and Literature Review of Listeria monocytogenes Osteomyelitis. Intern. Med. 2021, 60, 3171–3176.
  47. Adebolu, O.I.; Sommer, J.; Idowu, A.B.; Lao, N.; Riaz, T. Vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess due to Listeria monocytogenes—Case report and review of literature. J. Bone Jt. Infect. 2022, 7, 75–79.
  48. Khan, K.M.; Pao, W.; Kendler, J. Epidural abscess and vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes: Case report and literature review. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 2001, 33, 714–716.
  49. Camp, C.; Luft, W.C. Listeria monocytogenes osteomyelitis. Guthrie Bull. 1973, 43, 32–38.
  50. Chirgwin, K.; Gleich, S. Listeria monocytogenes osteomyelitis. Arch. Intern. Med. 1989, 149, 931–932.
  51. Aubin, G.G.; Boutoille, D.; Bourcier, R.; Caillon, J.; Lepelletier, D.; Bémer, P.; Corvec, S. Unusual Case of Spondylodiscitis due to Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bone Jt. Infect. 2016, 1, 7–9.
  52. Hasan, T.; Chik, W.; Chen, S.; Kok, J. Successful treatment of Listeria monocytogenes prosthetic valve endocarditis using rifampicin and benzylpenicillin in combination with valve replacement. JMM Case Rep. 2017, 4, e005085.
  53. Duarte, F.; Moreira Pinto, S.; Trigo, A.C.; Guimaraes, F.; Pereira, R.; Neno, M.; Correia de Abreu, R.; Neves, I. A rare presentation of Listeria monocytogenes infection: Perianal abscess associated with lumbar spine osteitis. IDCases 2019, 15, e00488.
  54. Al Ohaly, R.; Ranganath, N.; Saffie, M.G.; Shroff, A. Listeria spondylodiscitis: An uncommon etiology of a common condition; a case report. BMC Infect. Dis. 2020, 20, 559.
  55. Bongiovanni, M.; Barda, B.; Martinetti Lucchini, G.; Gaia, V.; Merlani, G.; Bernasconi, E. Invasive Listeriosis in Southern Switzerland: A Local Problem That Is Actually Global. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2023, 77, 161–162.
  56. Berbari, E.F.; Kanj, S.S.; Kowalski, T.J.; Darouiche, R.O.; Widmer, A.F.; Schmitt, S.K.; Hendershot, E.F.; Holtom, P.D.; Huddleston, P.M., 3rd; Petermann, G.W.; et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Native Vertebral Osteomyelitis in Adults. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2015, 61, e26–e46.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
Video Production Service
Feedback