Ionic Selenium and Nanoselenium in Plant Metabolism: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Víctor García Márquez
,
Álvaro Morelos Moreno
,
Adalberto Benavides Mendoza
,
Julia Medrano Macías

Selenium (Se) is an essential element in mammals; however, there is frequently an insufficient intake due to several factors. Different techniques have been used to deal with this problem, such as plant biofortification with Se in its ionic forms and at the nanoscale. Additionally, despite the fact that Se is not considered an essential element in plants, it has been shown to stimulate (through still unknown mechanisms) plant metabolism, causing an increase in the synthesis of molecules with reducing power, including enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, vitamins and chlorophylls.

  • biofortification
  • trace element
  • plant nutrition
  • metabolism
  • beneficial nutrients
  • biostimulants
  • plant biostimulation

1. Introduction

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in humans and other vertebrates. It fulfills various functions, especially those related to the synthesis of selenoproteins, and also includes antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, immune system and antiviral effects, cancer prevention, brain development and cognitive aspects [1]. The minimum daily requirement for Se in humans was established by the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) and the World Health Organization (WHO), and the optimal range is between 50 and 60 µg per day to reduce health risks. Currently, it is known that Se intake is less than the minimum daily requirement for most populations due to the shortage of this element in crop food sources, mainly due to the low concentration of Se in the soil. The soil Se concentration has been established as being between 0.01 and 2 mg kg−1, with 0.4 mg kg−1 being the global mean [2]. To deal with this problem, various Se biofortification strategies for different crops have been used, such as exogenous incorporation in ionic forms [3][4] and more recently in the form of nanoparticles [5][6], and encouraging results have been obtained to mitigate such deficiency.
During the exploration of Se biofortification, beneficial effects on plant metabolism have been found, including an increase in molecules with reducing power leading to an increase in stress tolerance [7], an increase in plant growth and fruits with greater nutraceutical value, among others [8].

2. Selenium in Human Health

Selenium (Se) was discovered in 1817 by Berzelius and was considered a highly toxic and polluting element. It was not until after the 1950s that functions essential to human and animal health were attributed to Se [9], including antioxidant activity [10][11], hormonal regulation such as in the thyroid [12][13], anticancer effects [14][15], cardiovascular protection [16][17] and antiviral properties [18][19]. Nowadays, various review articles have shown and updated the latest findings on the role of Se in organic functioning [1][20][21][22][23], where such functions are carried out through the synthesis of 25 known selenoproteins derived from selenocysteine (SeCys) [24][25]. The function of most of these proteins remains unknown, but a group of these selenoproteins was shown to have oxidoreduction catalytic activity, where SeCys is located in the active site because it is more reactive than cysteine (Cys) under physiological conditions; thus, SeCys can exist as a nucleophile without electrostatic interactions and can enhance the catalytic effectiveness [26]. The enzymes related to the oxidoreduction catalytic activity include five glutathione peroxidases, which catalyze the reduction of peroxide in the presence of glutathione; three thioredoxin reductases, which reduce thioredoxin or other proteins in the presence of NADPH; three deiodinases in the thyroid, which promote the reductive de-iodization of thyroid hormones; methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase, which reduces oxidized methionine residues within proteins; selenophosphate synthase, which catalyzes the synthesis of selenophosphate and is ATP dependent. On the other hand, there is a group of selenoproteins that do not have catalytic functions, among which are K, a simple protein with a transmembrane domain; O, the largest selenoprotein; H, related to glutathione gene expression (GSH); I, a membrane protein; T, containing a predicted redox motif. The W and V proteins are related at the C-terminal, M and Sep 15 are distant homologs proteins, and the functions of the S, R and N proteins remain even more unknown [27][28].

3. Ionic Selenium and Nanoselenium as Biofortifiers and Stimulators of Plant Metabolism

3.1. Biofortification with Ionic Se and nSe in Crops

3.1.1. Ionic Selenium

Se biofortification in crops for human consumption has yielded encouraging results, including from the nutraceutical perspective to the increase in metabolites that enhance tolerance to adverse factors. Interesting results have been found with foliar application to crops, such as cereals, where both Na2SeO3 and Na2SeO4 work in a range between 30 and 300 g ha−1. In this range, it is possible to find an increase in the accumulation of Se in grains and stimulation of metabolism. On the other hand, to obtain the same result in vegetables, it is necessary to apply the aforementioned chemical species between 1 and 20 mg L−1 once or twice per cycle.
It has been found that the application of Se in the form of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) between 0.86 and 5 mg L−1, as well as sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) in a range of 0.5 to 18 mg L−1, in hydroponic cultures increases the accumulation of this element and the antioxidants in the edible parts of species such as lettuce (Latuca sativa), tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.), strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) and basil (Ocinum basilicum).
Similar encouraging results were shown, regarding accumulation and stimulation linked to metabolism, for Se application directly to the soil with both sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) or sodium selenate in cereals from 10 to 100 g ha−1 and vegetables in the range of 20 to 940 mg L−1.
The 24 h seed imbibition technique using Na2SeO4 at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 8.54 mg L−1 has been found to be both easy to perform and convenient due to its accumulation and stimulation of the metabolism.

3.1.2. Selenium Nanoparticles (nSe)

Recently, nanotechnology has revolutionized a wide range of areas such as pharmaceuticals, energy, communications engineering, medicine, the environment, chemical industry and plant nutrition, among others, due to the low area/surface ratio, states of aggregation and stability of nanoparticles. The synthesis and use of nSe as a nutrient and biofortifier has proven to be an interesting strategy because, additionally, it has been found to possess greater chemical stability, biocompatibility, rapid absorption and less toxicity compared to the ionic forms of this element [29][30].
Different studies have been carried out by imbibing seeds or bare roots at nSe concentrations ranging from 1.18 to 50 mg L−1; results have shown no changes in growth, but increases in Se in the edible parts and antioxidant content. In addition, various works have been carried out where nanoparticles are applied directly to the substrate in ranges as wide as 10 to 100 ppm between horticultural species.
Information regarding nSe application in biofortification and improvement in plant metabolism (e.g., the appropriate concentrations in hydroponic or soil cultures) is still lacking.
In the same way, the mechanism by which these nanoparticles are absorbed is still not fully elucidated. One of the widely accepted options is that absorption happens both intra- and extracellularly through the tissues, until reaching the xylem; the way in which nanoparticles pass through the casparian strip is not yet clear, but it could be through the meristematic zone. The cell wall acts as a physical barrier; however, it contains pores with diameters between 5 and 20 nm, and nanoparticles smaller than this will enter freely [31]. It is also possible that nanoparticles greater than 20 nm enlarge the pores, inducing the formation of cavities to enter via endocytosis or even through transmembrane proteins or ionic channels [32].
As described above, to date, encouraging results have been obtained in the field of biofortification with ionic selenium in horticultural species widely consumed by humans, such as lettuce and tomato, as well as in the stimulation of redox metabolism, which leads to an increase in tolerance to adverse factors. However, a promising alternative is the use of selenium nanoparticles, where a reduction in application complexity may be achieved, and this leads to important results in the potentiation of antioxidant metabolism, the promotion of agronomic sustainability and a reduction in waste. Therefore, more research should be carried out on the plant cell level as well as interactions within the entire trophic chain and environment [33].

3.2. Stimulation of Plant Metabolism

It has been shown that the application of selenium in plants, via foliar, hydroponic cultures, directly to the soil or by imbibition, stimulates plant metabolism, resulting in improved growth, improved synthesis of molecules involved in defense [34] and an increase in stress tolerance [35]. However, the exact mechanics under which these processes occur are unclear. The main pathway of selenium’s impact will be pointed out below, when it is applied in ionic form and in nanoparticles.

3.2.1. Ionic Selenium

Several research works have been carried out to demonstrate the effect of selenium on plant metabolism, more specifically the impact on phytochemicals, and the results have been quite varied. In a relatively constant way, it has been established that low concentrations of Se can act as an antioxidant and high concentrations as a pro-oxidant [36]. However, establishing the values of “high” or “low” concentrations is difficult. Each form of application tolerates different selenium concentration ranges, taking into account the following pattern: imbibition > hydroponics > foliar > soil.
The application of Se and its impact on antioxidant metabolism in plants have been linked to both primary and secondary metabolites.

Primary Metabolites

Regarding primary metabolites, there is an increase in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), an enzyme that involves selenic acid (PSeOH) in its catalytic cycle. This reacts with glutathione, a tripeptide that functions as a coenzyme in this reaction and contains a sulfhydryl functional group (-SH), to form a selenyl-sulfide adduct. At this point, a second GSH molecule intervenes, and here selenol (PSeH) is formed in the active site where peroxide reduction takes place [37]. In addition, it has been reported that the application of selenium promotes an increase in the activity of enzymes with an antioxidant capacity, such as ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase and monodehydroascorbate reductase [38].
Although not as thoroughly studied, it has also been related to the increase in other non-catalytic antioxidant proteins, such as thioredoxin (TrxR) and P protein, the latter containing more than 10 Se atoms [39].
In a study carried out in rapeseed (Brassica napus), important effects on primary metabolism were elucidated, including a higher concentration of glucose, coupled with higher ATP production; increased superoxide dismutase activity in the mitochondria and potentiation in the pentose pathway phosphate, which supplies a large number of non-enzymatic antioxidants; as well as a reduction in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle [40].
An increase has also been found in the synthesis of sulfur amino acids (Cys and Met) and selenoamino acids such as SeCys and Semet, which are incorporated into proteins. However, there is also evidence of other non-protein amino acids being synthesized, such as γ-glutamyl methyl seleniocysteine (γ-gluMetSeCys), methyl-SeCys and methyl-Semet, mainly in hyperaccumulator families of S, such as Brassica and Allium. In addition, these metabolites have shown powerful anticancer activities [41][42]. Within this same group of plants, volatile species such as dimethyl-diselenide (DMDS) are produced, which partly controls selenium accumulation. In non-accumulating plant species (those that accumulate < 100 mg Se per kg DW), the methylated species of selenium, dimethyl selenide (DMSe), is synthesized [43].
It is known that the presence of Se promotes increases of sulfur transporters sultr 1 and 2 as well as ATP sulfurylase at the transcriptomic level, which leads to greater absorption of sulfur and, therefore, the synthesis of both primary and secondary metabolites that contain these elements [44]. However, it is important to highlight the balance between Se and S concentrations. It has been found that high Se and low S concentrations promote competition, avoiding adequate absorption of sulfur and, in this case, a reduction in the synthesis of the mentioned metabolites [45].
In a study carried out in rice (Oryza sativum), a three-fold increase in fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic) was found after the application of selenite and selenite; however, the metabolic pathway that was affected is not clear [46].

Secondary Metabolites

After the application of ionic species of selenium, both positive and negative effects have been reported on the concentration of secondary sulfur metabolites such as glutathione and glucosinolates. For the first, examples of increased concentrations were evidenced in radish (Raphanus sativum L.) [47] and plum trees (Prunus domestica) [48]. On the other hand, the reduction in GSH found in strawberry plants was associated with an increase in the concentration of its oxidized form: glutathione disulfide (GSSH) [49].
Various S hyperaccumulating plants, such as broccoli (Brassica oleracea), show increased synthesis of glucosinolates with exogenous application of Se, which participate in defense against herbivores and are synthesized mainly from methionine and phenylalanine [50].
There is a close relationship between the metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen; the proportion of these in most plant species is preserved between 1:45 and 1:30, respectively. About 80% of S and N assimilation is directed to the production of protein amino acids. After modifications in the absorption of S due to the aforementioned effect on transporters with the application of Se [51], the content of metabolites dependent on these elements, such as glucosinolates, is also affected.
It has also been found that selenium modifies the phenylpropanoid pathway, increasing the enzymatic activity of phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL), which is why several investigations have found a positive correlation with phenolic compounds, which act as non-enzymatic antioxidants [52]. Similarly, an increase in the synthesis of ascorbic acid has been found, which functions as a direct scavenger of reactive oxygen species and a cofactor of enzymes with antioxidant activity, such as APX [53].
In summary, selenium stimulates metabolism in two ways: (1) via antioxidants, where it participates in the catalytic cycle of enzymes such as APX, and (2) via pro-oxidants, where selenite and selenate probably mimic moderate oxidative stress and the detection of synthesized reactive species will trigger signaling to achieve the formation of all antioxidant machinery [54].

3.2.2. Selenium Nanoparticles (nSe)

Unlike readily available research on Se applications in its ionic form, research on its nanoparticulate (nSe) form is much more recent and scarcer. Although results have been favorable, even more than that observed in the ionic form, there is still a long way to go. It is generally known that nSe have a strong impact on antioxidant metabolism, which is why they have probably been successfully tested in various species to cope with different types of stress. Examples of this are reported in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) subjected to high temperatures [55]; strawberry, tomato, coriander, basil and barley (Hordeum vulgare) under stress by salinity [29][56][57][58][59]; increase in tolerance to stress caused by pathogens such as Alternaria solani [30], Meloidogyne incognita [31] and Botrytis cinearea [60]. The reason why Se can trigger these beneficial effects could be related to a change in the redox status of the cell, causing a greater stimulation in the synthesis of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as lycopene and carotenoids. It could also be related to an increase in the activity of the main enzymes involved in the antioxidant pathway such as glutathione peroxidase, where selenium acts as a cofactor, and it is possible to obtain ionic selenium from nanoparticles [61]. A reduction in the loss of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a and b has also been noted during adverse conditions, which leads to an improvement in the photosynthetic rate, maintenance of homeostasis and improvement in growth [57]. This can be explained, at least partially, by nSe being stored in the thylakoid membranes, providing them with stability. A reduction in lipoperoxidation has also been proposed as protecting and stabilizing some enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of these photosynthetic pigments [6].

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/agronomy10091399

References

  1. Roman, M.; Jitaru, P.; Barbante, C. Selenium biochemistry and its role for human health. Metallomics 2014, 6, 25–54.
  2. Winkel, L.H.E.; Vriens, B.; Jones, G.D.; Schneider, L.S.; Pilon-Smits, E.; Bañuelos, G.S. Selenium Cycling Across Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Interfaces: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2015, 7, 4199–4239.
  3. Malagoli, M.; Schiavon, M.; Dall’Acqua, S.; Pilon-Smits, E.A.H. Effects of selenium biofortification on crop nutritional quality. Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 280.
  4. Zhu, Y.G.; Pilon-Smits, E.A.H.; Zhao, F.J.; Williams, P.N.; Meharg, A.A. Selenium in higher plants: Understanding mechanisms for biofortification and phytoremediation. Trends Plant Sci. 2009, 14, 436–442.
  5. El-Ramady, H.; Abdalla, N.; Alshaal, T.; El-Henawy, A.; Elmahrouk, M.; Bayoumi, Y.; Shalaby, T.; Amer, M.; Shehata, S.; Fári, M.; et al. Plant Nano-Nutrition: Perspectives and Challenges; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; ISBN 9783319701660.
  6. Hussein, H.A.A.; Darwesh, O.M.; Mekki, B.B. Environmentally friendly nano-selenium to improve antioxidant system and growth of groundnut cultivars under sandy soil conditions. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 2019, 18, 101080.
  7. Paciolla, C.; de Leonardis, S.; Dipierro, S. Effects of selenite and selenate on the antioxidant systems in Senecio scandens L. Plant Biosyst. 2011, 145, 253–259.
  8. Mohamed Zeid, I.; El Lateef Gharib, F.A.; Mohamed Ghazi, S.; Zakaria Ahmed, E. Promotive Effect of Ascorbic Acid, Gallic Acid, Selenium and Nano-Selenium on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth and Some Hydrolytic Enzymes Activity of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seedling. J. Plant Physiol. Pathol. 2019, 7, 1–8.
  9. Schwars, K.; Folts, C. Factor 3 activity of selenium compounds. J. Biol. Chem. 1958, 233, 245–251.
  10. Steinbrenner, H.; Speckmann, B.; Klotz, L.O. Selenoproteins: Antioxidant selenoenzymes and beyond. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2016, 595, 113–119.
  11. Zoidis, E.; Seremelis, I.; Kontopoulos, N.; Danezis, G.P. Selenium-dependent antioxidant enzymes: Actions and properties of selenoproteins. Antioxidants 2018, 7, 66.
  12. Ambrosio, R.; De Stefano, M.A.; Di Girolamo, D.; Salvatore, D. Thyroid hormone signaling and deiodinase actions in muscle stem/progenitor cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2017, 459, 79–83.
  13. Rayman, M.P.; Duntas, L.H. Selenium Deficiency and Thyroid Disease. Thyroid Dis. 2019, 4, 109–126.
  14. Kuršvietienė, L.; Mongirdienė, A.; Bernatonienė, J.; Šulinskienė, J.; Stanevičienė, I. Selenium anticancer properties and impact on cellular redox status. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 80.
  15. Spallholz, J.E. Selenomethionine and Methioninase: Selenium Free Radical Anticancer Activity. Methods Mol. Biol. 2019, 1866, 199–210.
  16. Alehagen, U.; Johansson, P.; Björnstedt, M.; Rosén, A.; Post, C.; Aaseth, J. Relatively high mortality risk in elderly Swedish subjects with low selenium status. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 70, 91–96.
  17. Zhang, X.; Liu, C.; Guo, J.; Song, Y. Selenium status and cardiovascular diseases: Meta-analysis of prospective observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 70, 162–169.
  18. Li, Y.; Lin, Z.; Guo, M.; Zhao, M.; Xia, Y.; Wang, C.; Xu, T.; Zhu, B. Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus-induced apoptosis by functionalized selenium nanoparticles with amantadine through ROS-mediated AKT signaling pathways. Int. J. Nanomed. 2018, 13, 2005–2016.
  19. Zhang, J.; Will, E.T.; Bennett, K.; Saad, R.; Rayman, M.P. Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2020, 111, 1297–1299.
  20. Esmaeili, S.; Fazelifard, R.S.; Ahmadzadeh, S.; Shokouhi, M. The influence of Selenium on human health. KAUMS J. 2013, 16, 779–780.
  21. Köhrle, J. Selenium and the thyroid. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2015, 22, 392–401.
  22. Rayman, M.P. Selenium intake, status, and health: A complex relationship. Hormones 2020, 19, 9–14.
  23. Vinceti, M.; Filippini, T.; Wise, L.A. Environmental Selenium and Human Health: An Update. Curr. Environ. Health Rep. 2018, 5, 464–485.
  24. Kryukov, G.V.; Castellano, S.; Novoselov, S.V.; Lobanov, A.V.; Zehtab, O.; Guigó, R.; Gladyshev, V.N. Characterization of mammalian selenoproteomes. Science 2003, 300, 1439–1443.
  25. Santesmasses, D.; Mariotti, M.; Gladyshev, V.N. Bioinformatics of Selenoproteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2020, 2.
  26. Zhang, Y.; Roh, Y.J.; Han, S.; Park, I.; Lee, H.M.; Ok, Y.S. Role of Selenoproteins in Redox Regulation of Signaling and the Antioxidant System: A Review. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 383.
  27. Hatfield, D.L.; Tsuji, P.A.; Carlson, B.A.; Gladyshev, V.N. Selenium and selenocysteine: Roles in cancer, health and development. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2014, 39, 112–120.
  28. Lobanov, A.V.; Hatfield, D.L.; Gladyshev, V.N. Eukaryotic selenoproteins and selenoproteomes Alexey. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenerg. 2009, 1790, 1424–1428.
  29. Li, Y.; Zhu, N.; Liang, X.; Zheng, L.; Zhang, C.; Li, Y.F.; Zhang, Z.; Gao, Y.; Zhao, J. A comparative study on the accumulation, translocation and transformation of selenite, selenate, and SeNPs in a hydroponic-plant system. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2020, 189, 109955.
  30. Skalickova, S.; Milosavljevic, V.; Cihalova, K.; Horky, P.; Richtera, L.; Adam, V. Selenium nanoparticles as a nutritional supplement. Nutrition 2017, 33, 83–90.
  31. Zhu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Hu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Christie, P. Interactions between selenium and iodine uptake by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in solution culture. Plant Soil 2004, 261, 99–105.
  32. Nair, R.; Varghese, S.H.; Nair, B.G.; Maekawa, T.; Yoshida, Y.; Kumar, D.S. Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants. Plant Sci. 2010, 179, 154–163.
  33. Juárez-maldonado, A.; González-morales, S.; Fuente, C.; Medrano-macías, J.; Benavides-mendoza, A. Nanometals as Promoters of Nutraceutical Quality in Crop Plants. In Impact of Nanoscience in the Food Industry; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2018; pp. 277–310. ISBN 9780128114414.
  34. Wrobel, K.; Guerrero Esperanza, M.; Yanez Barrientos, E.; Corrales Escobosa, A.R.; Wrobel, K. Different approaches in metabolomic analysis of plants exposed to selenium: A comprehensive review. Acta Physiol. Plant 2020, 42, 125.
  35. D’Amato, R.; Regni, L.; Falcinelli, B.; Mattioli, S.; Benincasa, P.; Dal Bosco, A.; Pacheco, P.; Proietti, P.; Troni, E.; Santi, C.; et al. Current Knowledge on Selenium Biofortification to Improve the Nutraceutical Profile of Food: A Comprehensive Review. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2020, 68, 4075–4097.
  36. Hartikainen, H.; Xue, T.; Piironen, V. Selenium as an anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant in ryegrass. Plant Soil 2000, 225, 193–200.
  37. Battin, E.E.; Brumaghim, J.L. Antioxidant activity of sulfur and selenium: A review of reactive oxygen species scavenging, glutathione peroxidase, and metal-binding antioxidant mechanisms. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2009, 55, 1–23.
  38. Schiavon, M.; Lima, L.W.; Jiang, Y.; Hawkesfors, M. Effects of selenium on plant metabolism and implications for crops and consumers. In Selenium in Plants. Plant Ecophysiology; Pilon-Smits, E., Winkel, L., Lin, Z.Q., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; Volume 11.
  39. Pyrzynska, K.; Sentkowska, A. Selenium in plant foods: Speciation analysis, bioavailability, and factors affecting composition. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2020, 8398.
  40. Dimkovikj, A.; Van Hoewyk, D. Selenite activates the alternative oxidase pathway and alters primary metabolism in Brassica napus roots: Evidence of a mitochondrial stress response. BMC Plant Biol. 2014, 14, 1–15.
  41. Brummell, D.A.; Watson, L.M.; Pathirana, R.; Joyce, N.I.; West, P.J.; Hunter, D.A.; McKenzie, M.J. Biofortification of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit with the anticancer compound methylselenocysteine using a selenocysteine methyltransferase from a selenium hyperaccumulator. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 10987–10994.
  42. Ávila, F.W.; Yang, Y.; Faquin, V.; Ramos, S.J.; Guilherme, L.R.G.; Thannhauser, T.W.; Li, L. Impact of selenium supply on Se-methylselenocysteine and glucosinolate accumulation in selenium-biofortified Brassica sprouts. Food Chem. 2014, 165, 578–586.
  43. Gupta, M.; Gupta, S. An overview of selenium uptake, metabolism, and toxicity in plants. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 7, 2074.
  44. Schiavon, M.; Pilon, M.; Malagoli, M.; Pilon-Smits, E.A.H. Exploring the importance of sulfate transporters and ATP sulphurylases for selenium hyperaccumulation—A comparison of Stanleys pinnata and Brassica juncea (Brassicaceae). Front. Plant Sci. 2015, 6, 2.
  45. Cheng, B.; Lian, H.F.; Liu, Y.Y.; Yu, X.H.; Sun, Y.L.; Sun, X.D.; Shi, Q.H.; Liu, S.Q. Effects of selenium and sulfur on antioxidants and physiological parameters of garlic plants during senescence. J. Integr. Agric. 2016, 15, 566–572.
  46. Lidon, F.C.; Oliveira, K.; Ribeiro, M.M.; Pelica, J.; Pataco, I.; Ramalho, J.C.; Leitão, A.E.; Almeida, A.S.; Campos, P.S.; Ribeiro-Barros, A.I.; et al. Selenium biofortification of rice grains and implications on macronutrients quality. J. Cereal Sci. 2018, 81, 22–29.
  47. Schiavon, M.; Berto, C.; Malagoli, M.; Trentin, A.; Sambo, P.; Dall’Acqua, S.; Pilon-Smits, E.A.H. Selenium biofortification in radish enhances nutritional quality via accumulation of methyl-selenocysteine and promotion of transcripts and metabolites related to glucosinolates, phenolics amino acids. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1371.
  48. Sun, X.; Han, G.; Ye, S.; Luo, Y.; Zhou, X. Effects of Selenium on Serotonin Synthesis and the Glutathione Redox Cycle in Plum Leaves. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 2020.
  49. Huang, C.; Qin, N.; Sun, L.; Yu, M.; Hu, W.; Qi, Z. Selenium improves physiological parameters and alleviates oxidative stress in strawberry seedlings under low-temperature stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 1913.
  50. Tian, M.; Yang, Y.; Ávila, F.W.; Fish, T.; Yuan, H.; Hui, M.; Pan, S.; Thannhauser, T.W.; Li, L. Effects of Selenium Supplementation on Glucosinolate Biosynthesis in Broccoli. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 8036–8044.
  51. Kopriva, S.; Suter, M.; Von Ballmoos, P.; Hesse, H.; Krähenbühl, U.; Rennenberg, H.; Brunold, C. Interaction of sulfate assimilation with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Lemna minor. Plant Physiol. 2002, 130, 1406–1413.
  52. Mimmo, T.; Tiziani, R.; Valentinuzzi, F.; Lucini, L.; Nicoletto, C.; Sambo, P.; Scampicchio, M.; Pii, Y.; Cesco, S. Selenium biofortification in fragaria × ananassa: Implications on strawberry fruits quality, content of bioactive health beneficial compounds and metabolomic profile. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 1887.
  53. Tavakoli, S.; Enteshari, S.; Yousefifard, M. Investigation of the effect of selenium on growth, antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in Melissa officinalis. Iran. J. Plant Physiol. 2020, 10, 3125–3134.
  54. Tamaoki, M.; Mayurama-Nakashita, A. Molecular mechanism of selenium responses and resistence in plants. In Selenium in Plants. Plant Ecophysiology; Pilon-Smits, E., Winkel, L., Lin, Z.Q., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; Volume 11, pp. 35–51.
  55. Lara, T.S.; de Lima Lessa, J.H.; de Souza, K.R.D.; Corguinha, A.P.B.; Martins, F.A.D.; Lopes, G.; Guilherme, L.R.G. Selenium biofortification of wheat grain via foliar application and its effect on plant metabolism. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2019, 81, 10–18.
  56. Puccinelli, M.; Pezzarossa, B.; Rosellini, I.; Malorgio, F. Selenium Enrichment Enhances the Quality and Shelf Life of Basil Leaves. Plants 2020, 9, 801.
  57. Broadley, M.R.; Alcock, J.; Alford, J.; Cartwright, P.; Foot, I.; Fairweather-Tait, S.J.; Hart, D.J.; Hurst, R.; Knott, P.; McGrath, S.P.; et al. Selenium biofortification of high-yielding winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by liquid or granular Se fertilisation. Plant Soil 2010, 332, 5–18.
  58. Djanaguiraman, M.; Belliraj, N.; Bossmann, S.H.; Prasad, P.V.V. High-Temperature Stress Alleviation by Selenium Nanoparticle Treatment in Grain Sorghum. ACS Omega 2018, 3, 2479–2491.
  59. Tocai, M.; Laslo, V.; Vicas, S. Antioxidant Capacity and Total Phenols Content Changes on Cress (LepidiumSativum) Sprouts after Exogenous Supply with Nano Selenium. Nat. Resour. Sustain. Dev. 2018, 8, 131–137.
  60. Liu, J.; Zhu, X.; Chen, X.; Liu, Y.; Gong, Y.; Yuan, G.; Liu, J.; Chen, L. Defense and inhibition integrated mesoporous nanoselenium delivery system against tomato gray mold. Environ. Sci. Nano 2020, 7, 210–227.
  61. Hussein, H.A.A.; Darwesh, O.M.; Mekki, B.B.; El-Hallouty, S.M. Evaluation of cytotoxicity, biochemical profile and yield components of groundnut plants treated with nano-selenium. Biotechnol. Rep. 2019, 24, e00377.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
Video Production Service
Feedback