Berberine chloride |
50 mg/kg/day; orally for 45 days |
STZ-induced diabetic rats |
↓ Blood glucose and HbAlc ↑ Plasma insulin, hemoglobin, and body weight ↑ Pancreatic levels of SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, vitamin E, and vitamin C ↓ LOOH and TBARS ↓ TNF-a, NF-kB, phospho-NF-kB-p65, COX-2, and iNOS ↓ Caspase-8, t-Bid, Bax, cytochrome-c, and cleaved caspase-3 ↑ Bcl-2 ↑ Anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 and GLUT-2 |
[14] |
187.5 and 562.5 mg/kg; orally for 4 weeks |
STZ-induced DM in rats |
↓ FBG, TGs, TC, FFAs, and apolipoprotein B ↑ HDL and apolipoprotein AI |
[15] |
100 mg/Kg per day; intragastrically for 6 weeks 10 mg/Kg/d; intraperitoneally for 4 weeks |
STZ-induced DM in mice |
↓ FINS, HOMA-IR, and FPG, and expression of TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 ↓ Pathological damage and macrophage (MΦ) infiltration in pancreatic islets of diabetic mice Regulated the probiotics in the intestinal tract Blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in THP-1-derived MΦs |
[16] |
156 mg/kg per day; intragastrically for 12 weeks |
STZ-induced DM in rats |
↓ FINS, HOMA-IR, hyperlipidemia ↑ p-TORC2 levels Up-regulated expression of liver kinase B1, AMPK, and phosphorylated AMPK Down-regulated expression of the key gluconeogenic enzymes Inhibited TORC2 nuclear translocation in the liver tissues |
[17] |
Diabetic rats: 75 and 150 mg/kg/day; orally twice a day for 15 days Diabetic mice: 200 mg/kg/day; orally for 3 weeks |
STZ-induced DM in rats and KK-Ay diabetic mice |
↓ FBG and FINS ↑ Expression of insulin receptor mRNA and PKC |
[18] |
150 mg/kg/d; orally for 9 weeks |
STZ-induced T2D hamsters |
↑ Expression of LXRs and PPARs ↓ Expression of SREBPs in visceral white adipose tissue ↓ Body weight, total visceral white adipose tissue weight, blood glucose, FFAs, TC, LDL-c, and TGs ↑ Serum adiponectin ↓ Serum leptin, TNF-a, IL-6, and HOMA-IR ↓ Adipocyte size |
[19] |
100 mg/kg/d; orally for 7 weeks |
STZ-induced diabetic rats |
↓ FBG, plasma-free fatty acids, CRP, TGs, and TC Improved glucose tolerance Inhibited DPP-4 and PTP-1B activities Moderately improved glucose homeostasis |
[20] |
5 mg/kg/day; intraperitoneally for 3 weeks |
ob/ob and STZ-induced diabetic mice |
Improved insulin, glucose tolerance, and glucose metabolism ↓ Blood glucose levels, cAMP, hepatic gluconeogenesis, and gluconeogenic gene expression Suppressed glucagon-induced CREB phosphorylation |
[21] |
5 mg/kg/day; intraperitoneally for 3 weeks |
db/db mice |
↓ Body weight ↓ Fat mass and the size of fat cells Food intake did not change Improved glucose tolerance |
[22] |
100 mg/kg/d; orally for 2 weeks |
db/db mice |
Improved insulin resistance ↓ FBG Suppressed protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B ↑ Phosphorylation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate1, and Akt |
[23] |
Berberine 100mg/kg/d and Berberine 100 mg/kg/d+ stachyose 200 mg/kg/d; orally for 55 days |
db/db mice |
Improved glucose metabolism, the balance of α- and β-cells, and mucin-2 expression Increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila ↑ Fumaric acid level ↓ Metabolite all-transheptaprenyl diphosphate |
[24] |
300 mg/kg/day; orally for 12 weeks |
Alloxan-induced diabetic mice with renal injury |
↓ NF-κB, and the ↑ IκB-α ↓ Levels of fibronectin, transforming growth factor-beta 1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
[25] |
380 mg/day; orally for 2 weeks |
HFD-fed rats |
↓ Body weight, plasma triglycerides, and insulin resistance |
[22] |
Dihydroberberine |
100 mg/kg/day; orally for 2 weeks |
HFD-induced insulin resistance in mice and rat |
Improved effectiveness of BBR Better oral bioavailability than BBR ↓ Augmented adiposity, TGs, and insulin resistance |
[26] |
5, 10 mg/kg/day; intraperitoneal injections for 4 weeks |
HFD-fed mice |
↓ Insulin resistance, body weight, and HOMA-IR ↑ Synthesis of liver glycogen and SIRT1 expression Regulated SIRT1/FOXO1 pathway |
[27] |
100 mg/kg/day; orally for 4 weeks |
Mitochondria isolated from the liver of HFD-fed rats |
↑ Mitochondrial SirT3 activity Improved mitochondrial function Prevented a state of energetic deficit |
[28] |
Berberine |
RB 0.7 (RB-L), 2.11 (RB-M), or 6.33 mg/kg/day (RB-H); orally for 8 weeks |
High-sugar, high-fat diet (HSHFD)-induced diabetic KKAy mice |
Improved glucolipid metabolism, insulin resistance, OGTT, insulin tolerance test (ITT), and pathological changes in the pancreases and livers of mice ↓ FBG, white fat index, TGs, LDL, GIP, and insulin level ↑ GLP-1, HDL, and glycogen content in the liver and muscle ↑ p-PI3K and p-AKT levels ↓ TXNIP expression |
[29] |
150 and 300 mg/kg/day; gavage for 12 weeks |
HFD-fed rats |
↓ Body weight, urine volume, FBG, BUN, cholesterol, hepatic index levels, pathologic changes, and IR Improved albumin levels, glucose consumption, uptake, and inflammation ↑ Expression of PPM1B, PPARγ, LRP1, GLUT4, IRS-1, IRS-2, PI3K, AKT, and IKKβ Inhibited the phosphorylation of pIKKβ Ser181, total IKKβ, NF-κB p65, and JNK |
[30] |
Berberine 100 mg/kg/d for 30 days then 150 mg/kg/d; berberine combined with stachyose; BBR 100 mg/kg/d + stachyose 200 mg/kg/d for 30 days then BBR 150 mg/kg/d + 300 mg/kg/d; 69 days in total |
Zucker diabetic fatty rats |
↓ Blood glucose Improved impaired glucose tolerance ↑ Abundance of beneficial Akkermansiaceae, ↓ Abundance of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Proteobacteria ↓ Expression of intestinal Egr1 and Hbegf ↑ Expression of miR-10a-5p (just combination therapy) |
[31] |