Encyclopedia
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency is a condition characterized by movement problems, most often a pattern of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions known as dystonia.
- genetic conditions
1. Introduction
Other movement problems can include muscle stiffness (spasticity), tremors, problems with coordination and balance (ataxia), and involuntary jerking movements (chorea). People with sepiapterin reductase deficiency can experience episodes called oculogyric crises. These episodes involve abnormal rotation of the eyeballs; extreme irritability and agitation; and pain, muscle spasms, and uncontrolled movements, especially of the head and neck. Movement abnormalities are often worse late in the day. Most affected individuals have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting and crawling, and they typically are not able to walk unassisted. The problems with movement tend to worsen over time.
People with sepiapterin reductase deficiency may have additional signs and symptoms including an unusually small head size (microcephaly), intellectual disability, seizures, excessive sleeping, and mood swings.
2. Frequency
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency appears to be a rare condition. At least 30 cases have been described in the scientific literature.
3. Causes
Mutations in the SPR gene cause sepiapterin reductase deficiency. The SPR gene provides instructions for making the sepiapterin reductase enzyme. This enzyme is involved in the production of a molecule called tetrahydrobiopterin (also known as BH4). Specifically, sepiapterin reductase is responsible for the last step in the production of tetrahydrobiopterin. Tetrahydrobiopterin helps process several building blocks of proteins (amino acids), and is involved in the production of chemicals called neurotransmitters, which transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain.
SPR gene mutations disrupt the production of sepiapterin reductase. Most SPR gene mutations result in an enzyme with little or no function. A nonfunctional sepiapterin reductase leads to a lack of tetrahydrobiopterin. In most parts of the body, there are alternate pathways that do not use sepiapterin reductase for the production of tetrahydrobiopterin, but these pathways are not found in the brain. Therefore, people with sepiapterin reductase deficiency have a lack of tetrahydrobiopterin in the brain. When no tetrahydrobiopterin is produced in the brain, production of dopamine and serotonin is greatly reduced. Among their many functions, dopamine transmits signals within the brain to produce smooth physical movements, and serotonin regulates mood, emotion, sleep, and appetite. The lack of these two neurotransmitters causes the problems with movement and other features of sepiapterin reductase deficiency.
4. Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
5. Other Names for This Condition
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dopa-responsive dystonia due to sepiapterin reductase deficiency
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SPR deficiency
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/sepiapterin-reductase-deficiency
References
- Abeling NG, Duran M, Bakker HD, Stroomer L, Thöny B, Blau N, Booij J, Poll-TheBT. Sepiapterin reductase deficiency an autosomal recessive DOPA-responsivedystonia. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Sep-Oct;89(1-2):116-20.
- Arrabal L, Teresa L, Sánchez-Alcudia R, Castro M, Medrano C, Gutiérrez-Solana L, Roldán S, Ormazábal A, Pérez-Cerdá C, Merinero B, Pérez B, Artuch R, Ugarte M,Desviat LR. Genotype-phenotype correlations in sepiapterin reductase deficiency. A splicing defect accounts for a new phenotypic variant. Neurogenetics. 2011Aug;12(3):183-91. doi: 10.1007/s10048-011-0279-4.
- Blau N, Bonafé L, Thöny B. Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiencies withouthyperphenylalaninemia: diagnosis and genetics of dopa-responsive dystonia andsepiapterin reductase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2001 Sep-Oct;74(1-2):172-85.Review.
- Echenne B, Roubertie A, Assmann B, Lutz T, Penzien JM, Thöny B, Blau N,Hoffmann GF. Sepiapterin reductase deficiency: clinical presentation andevaluation of long-term therapy. Pediatr Neurol. 2006 Nov;35(5):308-13.
- Longo N. Disorders of biopterin metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2009Jun;32(3):333-42. doi: 10.1007/s10545-009-1067-2.Erratum in: J Inherit Metab Dis. 2009 Jun;32(3):457.
- Neville BG, Parascandalo R, Farrugia R, Felice A. Sepiapterin reductasedeficiency: a congenital dopa-responsive motor and cognitive disorder. Brain.2005 Oct;128(Pt 10):2291-6.
- Verbeek MM, Willemsen MA, Wevers RA, Lagerwerf AJ, Abeling NG, Blau N, ThönyB, Vargiami E, Zafeiriou DI. Two Greek siblings with sepiapterin reductasedeficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2008 Aug;94(4):403-9. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.04.003.
- Zorzi G, Redweik U, Trippe H, Penzien JM, Thöny B, Blau N. Detection ofsepiapterin in CSF of patients with sepiapterin reductase deficiency. Mol GenetMetab. 2002 Feb;75(2):174-7.
