Encyclopedia
STAC3 disorder (formerly known as Native American myopathy) is a condition that primarily affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement.
- genetic conditions
1. Introduction
People with STAC3 disorder have muscle weakness (myopathy) and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) throughout the body that typically begins at birth.
Muscle weakness underlies many of the characteristic features of STAC3 disorder. Affected individuals may have feeding and swallowing difficulties in infancy. They usually have delayed development of motor skills such as sitting, crawling, standing, and walking. Many have facial features described as "myopathic facies", which include drooping eyelids (ptosis), sunken cheeks, and a mouth often held in an open position and with the corners turned downward. Other distinctive facial features in people with STAC3 disorder can include a small lower jaw (micrognathia), an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), low-set ears that slant backward, eye openings that are shorter than average or that point downward (short or downslanting palpebral fissures), or an increased distance between the inner corners of the eyes (ocular telecanthus).
Individuals with STAC3 disorder may also be born with joint deformities that restrict movement (contractures) or develop an abnormal side-to-side or back-to-front curvature of the spine (scoliosis or kyphosis, often called kyphoscoliosis when they occur together). Affected individuals tend to be shorter than their peers and others in their family.
People with STAC3 disorder also have an increased risk of developing a severe reaction to certain drugs used during surgery and other invasive procedures. This reaction is called malignant hyperthermia. Malignant hyperthermia occurs in response to some anesthetic drugs, which are used to block the sensation of pain, either given alone or in combination with a particular type of muscle relaxant. If given these drugs, people at risk of malignant hyperthermia may experience muscle rigidity, breakdown of muscle fibers (rhabdomyolysis), a high fever (hyperthermia), increased acid levels in the blood and other tissues (acidosis), and a rapid heart rate. The complications of malignant hyperthermia can be life-threatening unless the drugs are stopped and the symptoms are treated promptly.
2. Frequency
STAC3 disorder was first found in individuals from the Lumbee Native American Tribe in North Carolina. The condition affects an estimated 1 in 5,000 people in this population. STAC3 disorder has since been found in other populations worldwide, though its prevalence is not known.
3. Causes
STAC3 disorder is caused by mutations in the STAC3 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a role in the tensing (contraction) of skeletal muscles. Muscle contractions are triggered by changes in the concentration of certain charged atoms (ions) in muscle cells. The STAC3 protein aids in the process that triggers the release of calcium ions within muscle cells to start (initiate) muscle contraction.
The STAC3 protein interacts with two structures in muscle cells that are critical for calcium ion flow, dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1). However, STAC3's role in this formation is unclear. RYR1 forms a channel (the RYR1 channel) through which calcium ions can flow. In response to certain signals, DHPR turns on (activates) the RYR1 channel, and the activated RYR1 channel releases calcium ions stored in structures inside muscle cells. The resulting increase in the calcium ion concentration within muscle cells stimulates muscles to contract, allowing the body to move.
STAC3 gene mutations reduce the amount or impair the function of the STAC3 protein. Although the mechanism is unclear, studies show that a shortage of functioning STAC3 protein prevents the release of stored calcium ions by RYR1 channels. A disruption in calcium ion release prevents muscles from contracting normally, leading to the muscle weakness characteristic of STAC3 disorder.
It is unclear how these STAC3 gene mutations lead to malignant hyperthermia in susceptible individuals. Mutations in other genes related to malignant hyperthermia activate the RYR1 channel improperly in response to certain drugs. As a result, large amounts of calcium ions are released from storage within muscle cells, causing skeletal muscles to contract abnormally. An increase in calcium ion concentration also activates processes that generate heat (leading to hyperthermia) and produce excess acid (leading to acidosis). It is unknown if STAC3 gene mutations have a similar effect on RYR1 channel activity.
4. Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
5. Other Names for This Condition
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myopathy, congenital, Bailey-Bloch
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myopathy, congenital, with myopathic facies, scoliosis, and malignant hyperthermia
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NAM
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Native American myopathy
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/stac3-disorder
References
- Campiglio M, Flucher BE. STAC3 stably interacts through its C1 domain withCa(V)1.1 in skeletal muscle triads. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 23;7:41003. doi:10.1038/srep41003.
- Campiglio M, Kaplan MM, Flucher BE. STAC3 incorporation into skeletal muscletriads occurs independent of the dihydropyridine receptor. J Cell Physiol. 2018Dec;233(12):9045-9051. doi: 10.1002/jcp.26767.
- Grzybowski M, Schänzer A, Pepler A, Heller C, Neubauer BA, Hahn A. Novel STAC3Mutations in the First Non-Amerindian Patient with Native American Myopathy.Neuropediatrics. 2017 Dec;48(6):451-455. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1601868.
- Horstick EJ, Linsley JW, Dowling JJ, Hauser MA, McDonald KK, Ashley-Koch A,Saint-Amant L, Satish A, Cui WW, Zhou W, Sprague SM, Stamm DS, Powell CM, SpeerMC, Franzini-Armstrong C, Hirata H, Kuwada JY. Stac3 is a component of theexcitation-contraction coupling machinery and mutated in Native Americanmyopathy. Nat Commun. 2013;4:1952. doi: 10.1038/ncomms2952.
- Linsley JW, Hsu IU, Groom L, Yarotskyy V, Lavorato M, Horstick EJ, Linsley D, Wang W, Franzini-Armstrong C, Dirksen RT, Kuwada JY. Congenital myopathy results from misregulation of a muscle Ca2+ channel by mutant Stac3. Proc Natl Acad Sci US A. 2017 Jan 10;114(2):E228-E236. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1619238114.
- Polster A, Nelson BR, Olson EN, Beam KG. Stac3 has a direct role in skeletalmuscle-type excitation-contraction coupling that is disrupted by amyopathy-causing mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Sep27;113(39):10986-91. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1612441113.
- Polster A, Perni S, Bichraoui H, Beam KG. Stac adaptor proteins regulatetrafficking and function of muscle and neuronal L-type Ca2+ channels. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A. 2015 Jan 13;112(2):602-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1423113112.
- Webb BD, Manoli I, Jabs EW. STAC3 Disorder. 2019 Jun 20. In: Adam MP, ArdingerHH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Availablefrom http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542808/
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