叶面纳米肥料的趋势: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Yanru Ding
,
Weichen Zhao
,
Guikai Zhu
,
Quanlong Wang
,
Peng Zhang
,
Yukui Rui

It is estimated that 40 to 70 per cent, 80 to 90 per cent and 50 to 90 per cent of the conventional macronutrients N, P and K applied to soil are lost, respectively, resulting in considerable resource losses. Compared with traditional fertilizers, nano fertilizers have small volume (1-100 nm) and high specific surface area, and have the advantages of controlled release, high nutrient utilization, low cost and relatively small environmental pollution. The application of nanofertilizers is an emerging area of agricultural research and is an attractive and economical alternative to traditional fertilizers that could sustainably increase global food productivity. Foliar fertilization is a popular method to meet the needs of higher plants. Due to the small amount of leaf application, nutrient absorption is faster than the soil, and environmental pollution is relatively small, so it is more popular in plants. It can be seen that nano-fertilizer and foliar fertilization are the focus of attention at present, and the study on the foliar application of nano-fertilizer is not as extensive as that of soil application.

  • nanofertilizers
  • foliar fertilization
  • heavy metal stress
  • salt stress
  • drought stress

1. The way of nano fertilizer entering the plant

Essential nutrients are most commonly applied to soil and plant leaves, and soil fertilization is more desirable and effective for larger nutrient needs [1]. In some cases, however, foliar fertilization has become a widespread and common method of crop management due to its more cost-effective and efficient characteristic s [1].
The leaves of the plant protect the plant from water loss, pests and pathogens, while allowing gas exchange for the photosynthetic reaction [2]. The surface of a leaf is usually composed of features: trichosomes, stomata, and phloem pores. NPs is absorbed by leaves in two ways, namely the cuticle pathway and the stomatal pathway [3]（Figure 1）. NPs with a diameter of less than 4.8 nm can enter the leaf directly through the cuticle channel, while NPs with a larger diameter can enter through the stomata. Due to the high density of the stomata itself, the stomatal pathway is considered to be a more efficient way to absorb NP [4]. NF is absorbed by the stomata and transferred to the rest of the plant through the phloem. Nanoparticles can enter phloem in two ways, either directly from phloem cells or through the interstitiums of phloem cells [24]. Nano-fertilizer can promote the rapid acquisition of nutrients in plant growth parts, thereby increasing chlorophyll production, photosynthetic rate, and ultimately increase plant growth and development [5].
纳米材料 13 02906 g002
Figure 1. Methods and influencing factors of foliar application of nanoparticles.

2. Agricultural application of foliar nano-fertilizer

Nano-fertilizers are becoming more and more important in improving nutrient utilization efficiency due to their unique properties [6]. Rice fertilizer helps to release nutrients in a slow, controlled manner in order to deliver nutrients to the target location, thereby minimizing losses [7]. Nano-fertilizers have greater absorption and retention capacity than traditional fertilizers due to their small size [30]. Nano-fertilizer can improve the physiological and biochemical indexes of plants, such as photosynthetic rate and nutrient absorption efficiency, and enhance the defense system of plants [8]. Some studies have reported that zinc NFs has better physical and chemical properties and plays a positive role in promoting seed germination and plant growth [9][10]. Ahmed et al. have shown that sulfur nanofertilizers can not only reduce arsenic toxicity, but also improve the yield and quality of rice [11]. Hu et al. proved that low levels of TiO2NPs improved plant nutritional quality without causing significant oxidative stress [12]. In general, nano-fertilizer is more effective than traditional fertilizer and has good prospects for development.
Foliar fertilization is more effective than soil fertilization and is a useful method to meet the needs of higher tree species (Figure 2). Compared with foliar application, soil application is more harmful to the environment, and nano-fertilizer has lower bioavailability in the soil, while foliar application has lower environmental risk, so plants generally prefer foliar application of nano-fertilizer. Foliate fertilization has a low exposure dose, can be applied repeatedly, and can be applied regularly according to the weather to avoid nutrient loss. In addition, foliar application provides faster nutrient uptake than soil application [13]. Figure 2 illustrates the advantages of foliar fertilization and its positive effects on plants.
纳米材料 13 02906 g003
Figure 2. Foliar application.

2.1. Improve crop yield and quality

Foliar application of nano-fertilizer can improve fertilizer utilization efficiency and crop yield and quality, and reduce adverse effects to a certain extent.
Zinc (Zn), as an essential micronutrient, has a major impact on plants, including protein, DNA, and RNA synthesis, and is also an essential cofactor for many antioxidant enzymes. There are many studies on the beneficial effects of zinc-based nano-fertilizer spraying on crops. Lorenzo et al found that ZnO NPs improved the growth and physiology of coffee due to the increased ability of ZnO NPs to penetrate leaves, and had a more positive effect on fruit and quality than ZnSO4 [Garcia-Lopez et al demonstrated, ZnO NPs (1000 mg/L and 2000 mg/L) sprayed on the leaf surface increased the antioxidant capacity of Habanos pepper fruit and significantly improved the fruit quality [14].Davarpanah et al. concluded that spraying a lower concentration of B or Zn nano-fertilizer on the leaf surface could promote the yield of pomegranates without affecting the characteristics of the fruit [15]. Other studies have shown that leaf surface application of zinc nano-fertilizer not only increases the number of leaves and essential oil content, but also significantly improves plant growth, yield and nutrient content [16][17][18][19][20][21]. It can be seen that leaf surface application of zinc nano-fertilizer has a positive effect on the improvement of crop yield, quality, nutrient content and physiological parameters, and there may be no potential toxicity, but it should be noted that the optimal concentration of different plants may vary greatly.


2.2. Reduce environmental stress

Environmental stress effects will change ecosystem processes [22], destroy ecosystem balance, and then destroy the environmental balance related to food production, which may lead to crop yield reduction [23]. Heavy metals, salinization, drought, and high temperatures are all key environmental stressors that have serious impacts on global crop productivity and quality [24]. Various strategies have been sought to enhance the ability of plants to withstand these numerous environmental stresses [25]. Nano-fertilizer has high efficiency and slow release, and has become a suitable choice to reduce environmental stress effects [26][27] and promote crop cultivation in harsh environments [28][29]. A number of studies have confirmed the positive effects of NPs on plants under temperature stress, including improving photosynthetic capacity [30] and promoting growth and development [31]. However, heat stress has not been studied enough; Therefore, this paper introduces the application of nano-fertilizer in alleviating heavy metal stress, salt stress and drought stress, which are relatively concerned aspects in current research.

2.2.1. Heavy Metal Stress

Heavy metals are absorbed by plants and accumulate in food crops for human and animal consumption, seriously endangering crop growth and human health [32][33]. Many studies have shown that nanoparticles can reduce plant stress to heavy metals [34][35]. Leaf application of SE and SI, NPK can alleviate metal stress of rice and improve the yield and quality of brown rice [36]. Spraying ZnO NPs on the foliage reduced Cd pollution and increased the plant height, biomass and chlorophyll concentration of maize plants [37]. Foliar application of TiO2NPs significantly reduced She content and CD-induced toxicity in stems. However, the application of TiO 2NPs to soil increased the absorption of Cd by corn in CD-contaminated soil [38]. In summary, the application of nano-fertilizer on the surface of leaves has a alleviating effect on soil heavy metal pollution, and may be more useful than soil application to a certain extent. However, it should be noted that the presence of heavy metals may promote the absorption and enrichment of nanoparticles in plants and produce co-toxicity, leading to food safety issues [39].

2.2.2. Salt stress

Salinity is considered to be one of the major abiotic stresses that limit crop yields globally. Salt stress limits growth, reduces biomass, causes chlorophyll degradation and alters the state of water [40]. Abdelaal et al proved that leaf surface application of silicon alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress on sweet pepper by improving water state, increasing photosynthetic rate, regulating certain osmotic pressure and plant hormones, and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity [41]. Perez-Labrada et al. Foliar application of Cu nanoparticles enhanced salt tolerance by increasing the Na+/K+ ratio and stimulating the antioxidant mechanism of plants [42]. Sheikhalipour et al. proved that foliar application of Cs-Se NPs could increase photosynthetic pigment content in leaves, promote plant production, and reduce oxidative damage under salt stress by increasing SOD, POD and CAT enzyme activities [43]. Mustafa et al. found that leaf spraying with low-dose TiO2 nanoparticles could improve the germination characteristics, water and permeability potential of wheat, and help improve plant tolerance to salt stress [44]. Nano-silicon fertilizer plays a positive role in alleviating salt stress [24][45][46]. For example, Alsaeedi et al. showed that amorphous silica nanoparticles (Si NPs) contribute to the normal growth of cucumber plants under salt stress without any significant symptoms of dehydration throughout the growing season [47]. However, foliar application of silicon fertilizer has not been fully studied and is a new research direction. Silicon nanoparticles are also relatively new as a coating for spraying other nanoparticles. A study showed that ZnO NPs and Zno-Si NPs had different leaf application effects on pea plants under salt stress [48]. Higher concentrations of ZnO NPs can produce certain phytotoxic effects, while Zno-Si NPs is non-toxic to plants under physiological conditions, and even has a slight irritating effect at higher concentrations. The application of nano-fertilizer on leaf surface is one of the trends to alleviate salt stress.

2.2.3. Drought stress

Drought condition is also a key factor restricting crop yield, causing many adverse stresses on plant morphology, physiology and molecular level [49], affecting plant growth, physiology and yield [50]. In addition, as drought worsens, soil salinization and calcification increase, which in turn leads to a significant decline in productivity [51]. In semi-arid tropical regions where water is scarce, foliar application of nanomaterials may be the best option for increasing yield, as it requires a large amount of water to dissolve and be absorbed by the root system [52]. Foliar application of nano-fertilizer as a growth regulator can promote crop development and productivity under drought conditions [52]. For example, leaf spraying ZnO NPs can improve yield and crop quality [16][53] and seed nutritional quality [54], as well as stomatal conductance and crop drought stress index [54]. In addition, Moitazedi et al found that zinc fertilizer applied to foliage could significantly improve the influence of drought stress on membrane stability index (MSI) [55]. Studies have also shown that under water shortage conditions, spraying Fe and Zn nano-fertilizer on leaf surface can improve the physiological characteristics and seed yield of legumes under normal irrigation [50][56]. Leaf surface application of K nanochelate can improve growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics, increase quantitative and qualitative traits, and reduce the negative effects of water stress [57]. The application of magnesium nano-fertilizer and chitosan fertilizer on the surface of leaves can improve the total chlorophyll yield, seed yield and oil content, and alleviate drought stress [58]. In addition to several metallic nano-fertilizers, non-metallic nano-fertilizers have also been used in many applications.

In conclusion, the application of nano-fertilizer on leaf surface under abiotic stress can improve plant enzyme activity and enhance plant antioxidant capacity. These improvements can increase crop resistance to adversity, resulting in higher yields and quality.

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/nano13212906

References

  1. Fageria, N.K.; Filho, M.P.B.; Moreira, A.; Guimarães, C.M. Foliar Fertilization of Crop Plants. J. Plant Nutr. 2009, 32, 1044–1064.
  2. Avellan, A.; Yun, J.; Morais, B.P.; Clement, E.T.; Rodrigues, S.M.; Lowry, G.V. Critical Review: Role of Inorganic Nanoparticle Properties on Their Foliar Uptake and in Planta Translocation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 13417–13431.
  3. Wang, W.-N.; Tarafdar, J.C.; Biswas, P. Nanoparticle synthesis and delivery by an aerosol route for watermelon plant foliar uptake. J. Nanoparticle Res. 2013, 15, 1417.
  4. Su, Y.; Ashworth, V.; Kim, C.; Adeleye, A.S.; Rolshausen, P.; Roper, C.; White, J.; Jassby, D. Delivery, uptake, fate, and transport of engineered nanoparticles in plants: A critical review and data analysis. Environ. Sci. Nano 2019, 6, 2311–2331.
  5. Babu, S.; Singh, R.; Yadav, D.; Rathore, S.S.; Raj, R.; Avasthe, R.; Yadav, S.K.; Das, A.; Yadav, V.; Yadav, B.; et al. Nanofertilizers for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Chemosphere 2022, 292, 133451.
  6. Mathur, S.; Pareek, S.; Shrivastava, D. Nanofertilizers for Development of Sustainable Agriculture. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2022, 53, 1999–2016.
  7. Shebl, A.; Hassan, A.A.; Salama, D.M.; Abd El-Aziz, M.E.; Abd Elwahed, M.S.A. Green Synthesis of Nanofertilizers and Their Application as a Foliar forCucurbita pepoL. J. Nanomater. 2019, 2019, 3476347.
  8. Verma, K.K.; Song, X.P.; Joshi, A.; Tian, D.D.; Rajput, V.D.; Singh, M.; Arora, J.; Minkina, T.; Li, Y.R. Recent Trends in Nano-Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture under Climate Change for Global Food Security. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 173.
  9. Dimkpa, C.O.; Singh, U.; Bindraban, P.S.; Elmer, W.H.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.L.; White, J.C. Exposure to Weathered and Fresh Nanoparticle and Ionic Zn in Soil Promotes Grain Yield and Modulates Nutrient Acquisition in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2018, 66, 9645–9656.
  10. Moghaddasi, S.; Fotovat, A.; Karimzadeh, F.; Khazaei, H.R.; Khorassani, R.; Lakzian, A. Effects of coated and non-coated ZnO nano particles on cucumber seedlings grown in gel chamber. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 2016, 63, 1108–1120.
  11. Meselhy, A.G.; Sharma, S.; Guo, Z.; Singh, G.; Yuan, H.; Tripathi, R.D.; Xing, B.; Musante, C.; White, J.C.; Dhankher, O.P. Nanoscale Sulfur Improves Plant Growth and Reduces Arsenic Toxicity and Accumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environ. Sci. Technol. 2021, 55, 13490–13503.
  12. Hu, J.; Wu, X.; Wu, F.; Chen, W.; White, J.C.; Yang, Y.; Wang, B.; Xing, B.; Tao, S.; Wang, X. Potential application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to improve the nutritional quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 389, 121837.
  13. Ahmed, R.; Yusoff Abd Samad, M.; Uddin, M.K.; Quddus, M.A.; Hossain, M.A.M. Recent Trends in the Foliar Spraying of Zinc Nutrient and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Tomato Production. Agronomy 2021, 11, 2074.
  14. Garcia-Lopez, J.I.; Nino-Medina, G.; Olivares-Saenz, E.; Lira-Saldivar, R.H.; Barriga-Castro, E.D.; Vazquez-Alvarado, R.; Rodriguez-Salinas, P.A.; Zavala-Garcia, F. Foliar Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Zinc Sulfate Boosts the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Habanero Peppers. Plants 2019, 8, 254.
  15. Davarpanah, S.; Tehranifar, A.; Davarynejad, G.; Abadía, J.; Khorasani, R. Effects of foliar applications of zinc and boron nano-fertilizers on pomegranate (Punica granatum cv. Ardestani) fruit yield and quality. Sci. Hortic. 2016, 210, 57–64.
  16. Kolencik, M.; Ernst, D.; Komar, M.; Urik, M.; Sebesta, M.; Dobrocka, E.; Cerny, I.; Illa, R.; Kanike, R.; Qian, Y.; et al. Effect of Foliar Spray Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Quantitative, Nutritional, and Physiological Parameters of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) under Field Conditions. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1559.
  17. Khattab, S.; Alkuwayti, M.A.; Yap, Y.-K.; Meligy, A.M.A.; Bani Ismail, M.; El Sherif, F. Foliar Spraying of ZnO Nanoparticals on Curcuma longa Had Increased Growth, Yield, Expression of Curcuminoid Synthesis Genes, and Curcuminoid Accumulation. Horticulturae 2023, 9, 355.
  18. Gao, M.; Chen, Y.; Wu, L.; Wang, Y. Changes in the Profiles of Yield, Yield Component, Oil Content, and Citral Content in Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon Following Foliar Fertilization with Zinc and Boron. Forests 2019, 10, 59.
  19. Mosa, W.F.A.; El-Shehawi, A.M.; Mackled, M.I.; Salem, M.Z.M.; Ghareeb, R.Y.; Hafez, E.E.; Behiry, S.I.; Abdelsalam, N.R. Productivity performance of peach trees, insecticidal and antibacterial bioactivities of leaf extracts as affected by nanofertilizers foliar application. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 10205.
  20. Singh, P.; Dwivedi, P. Micronutrients zinc and boron enhance stevioside content in Stevia rebaudiana plants while maintaining genetic fidelity. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 140, 111646.
  21. Nekoukhou, M.; Fallah, S.; Abbasi-Surki, A.; Pokhrel, L.R.; Rostamnejadi, A. Improved efficacy of foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles on zinc biofortification, primary productivity and secondary metabolite production in dragonhead. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 379, 134803.
  22. Robroek, B.J.M.; Jassey, V.E.J.; Beltman, B.; Hefting, M.M. Diverse fen plant communities enhance carbon-related multifunctionality, but do not mitigate negative effects of drought. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2017, 4, 170449.
  23. Mittal, D.; Kaur, G.; Singh, P.; Yadav, K.; Ali, S.A. Nanoparticle-Based Sustainable Agriculture and Food Science: Recent Advances and Future Outlook. Front. Nanotechnol. 2020, 2, 579954.
  24. Rajput, V.D.; Minkina, T.; Feizi, M.; Kumari, A.; Khan, M.; Mandzhieva, S.; Sushkova, S.; El-Ramady, H.; Verma, K.K.; Singh, A.; et al. Effects of Silicon and Silicon-Based Nanoparticles on Rhizosphere Microbiome, Plant Stress and Growth. Biology 2021, 10, 791.
  25. Chen, S.; Pan, Z.Y.; Zhao, W.C.; Zhou, Y.L.; Rui, Y.K.; Jiang, C.; Wang, Y.; White, J.C.; Zhao, L.J. Engineering Climate-Resilient Rice Using a Nanobiostimulant-Based “Stress Training” Strategy. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 10760–10773.
  26. Sassine, Y.N.; Alturki, S.M.; Germanos, M.; Shaban, N.; Sattar, M.N.; Sajyan, T.K. Mitigation of salt stress on tomato crop by using foliar spraying or fertigation of various products. J. Plant Nutr. 2020, 43, 2493–2507.
  27. Zhou, P.; Adeel, M.; Shakoor, N.; Guo, M.; Hao, Y.; Azeem, I.; Li, M.; Liu, M.; Rui, Y. Application of Nanoparticles Alleviates Heavy Metals Stress and Promotes Plant Growth: An Overview. Nanomaterials 2020, 11, 26.
  28. Adisa, I.O.; Pullagurala, V.L.R.; Peralta-Videa, J.R.; Dimkpa, C.O.; Elmer, W.H.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.L.; White, J.C. Recent advances in nano-enabled fertilizers and pesticides: A critical review of mechanisms of action. Environ. Sci. Nano 2019, 6, 2002–2030.
  29. Hussein, M.M.; Abou-Baker, N.H. The contribution of nano-zinc to alleviate salinity stress on cotton plants. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2018, 5, 171809.
  30. El-Saadony, M.T.; Saad, A.M.; Soliman, S.M.; Salem, H.M.; Desoky, E.M.; Babalghith, A.O.; El-Tahan, A.M.; Ibrahim, O.M.; Ebrahim, A.A.M.; Abd El-Mageed, T.A.; et al. Role of Nanoparticles in Enhancing Crop Tolerance to Abiotic Stress: A Comprehensive Review. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 946717.
  31. Iqbal, M.; Raja, N.I.; Mashwani, Z.-U.-R.; Hussain, M.; Ejaz, M.; Yasmeen, F. Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Growth of Wheat Under Heat Stress. Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A Sci. 2017, 43, 387–395.
  32. Onakpa, M.M.; Njan, A.A.; Kalu, O.C. A Review of Heavy Metal Contamination of Food Crops in Nigeria. Ann. Glob. Health 2018, 84, 488–494.
  33. Zhou, P.; Long, B.; Wang, R.; Jiang, Y.; Zhao, W.; Li, Y.; Li, M.; Guo, Z.; Zhang, P.; Rui, Y.; et al. Increase in the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine Isatis indigotica through iron nanoparticles supplementation versus carbon nanotubes: A comparative study. Environ. Sci. Nano 2022, 9, 2966–2978.
  34. Wang, Y.; Wang, L.; Ma, C.; Wang, K.; Hao, Y.; Chen, Q.; Mo, Y.; Rui, Y. Effects of cerium oxide on rice seedlings as affected by co-exposure of cadmium and salt. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 252, 1087–1096.
  35. Zhou, P.; Zhang, P.; He, M.; Cao, Y.; Adeel, M.; Shakoor, N.; Jiang, Y.; Zhao, W.; Li, Y.; Li, M.; et al. Iron-based nanomaterials reduce cadmium toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by modulating phytohormones, phytochelatin, cadmium transport genes and iron plaque formation. Environ. Pollut. 2023, 320, 121063.
  36. Hussain, B.; Lin, Q.; Hamid, Y.; Sanaullah, M.; Di, L.; Hashmi, M.; Khan, M.B.; He, Z.; Yang, X. Foliage application of selenium and silicon nanoparticles alleviates Cd and Pb toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 712, 136497.
  37. Rizwan, M.; Ali, S.; Zia Ur Rehman, M.; Adrees, M.; Arshad, M.; Qayyum, M.F.; Ali, L.; Hussain, A.; Chatha, S.A.S.; Imran, M. Alleviation of cadmium accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.) by foliar spray of zinc oxide nanoparticles and biochar to contaminated soil. Environ. Pollut. 2019, 248, 358–367.
  38. Lian, J.; Zhao, L.; Wu, J.; Xiong, H.; Bao, Y.; Zeb, A.; Tang, J.; Liu, W. Foliar spray of TiO2 nanoparticles prevails over root application in reducing Cd accumulation and mitigating Cd-induced phytotoxicity in maize (Zea mays L.). Chemosphere 2020, 239, 124794.
  39. Ji, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Ma, C.; Feng, Y.; Hao, Y.; Rui, Y.; Wu, W.; Gui, X.; Le, V.N.; Han, Y.; et al. Jointed toxicity of TiO2 NPs and Cd to rice seedlings: NPs alleviated Cd toxicity and Cd promoted NPs uptake. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2017, 110, 82–93.
  40. El-Esawi, M.A.; Alayafi, A.A. Overexpression of Rice Rab7 Gene Improves Drought and Heat Tolerance and Increases Grain Yield in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Genes 2019, 10, 56.
  41. Abdelaal, K.A.A.; Mazrou, Y.S.A.; Hafez, Y.M. Silicon Foliar Application Mitigates Salt Stress in Sweet Pepper Plants by Enhancing Water Status, Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Fruit Yield. Plants 2020, 9, 733.
  42. Perez-Labrada, F.; Lopez-Vargas, E.R.; Ortega-Ortiz, H.; Cadenas-Pliego, G.; Benavides-Mendoza, A.; Juarez-Maldonado, A. Responses of Tomato Plants under Saline Stress to Foliar Application of Copper Nanoparticles. Plants 2019, 8, 151.
  43. Sheikhalipour, M.; Esmaielpour, B.; Behnamian, M.; Gohari, G.; Giglou, M.T.; Vachova, P.; Rastogi, A.; Brestic, M.; Skalicky, M. Chitosan-Selenium Nanoparticle (Cs-Se NP) Foliar Spray Alleviates Salt Stress in Bitter Melon. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 684.
  44. Mustafa, N.; Raja, N.I.; Ilyas, N.; Abasi, F.; Ahmad, M.S.; Ehsan, M.; Mehak, A.; Badshah, I.; Prockow, J. Exogenous Application of Green Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) to Improve the Germination, Physiochemical, and Yield Parameters of Wheat Plants under Salinity Stress. Molecules 2022, 27, 4884.
  45. Zulfiqar, F.; Ashraf, M. Nanoparticles potentially mediate salt stress tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2021, 160, 257–268.
  46. Tripathi, D.K.; Rai, P.; Guerriero, G.; Sharma, S.; Corpas, F.J.; Singh, V.P. Silicon induces adventitious root formation in rice under arsenate stress with involvement of nitric oxide and indole-3-acetic acid. J. Exp. Bot. 2021, 72, 4457–4471.
  47. Alsaeedi, A.; El-Ramady, H.; Alshaal, T.; El-Garawany, M.; Elhawat, N.; Al-Otaibi, A. Silica nanoparticles boost growth and productivity of cucumber under water deficit and salinity stresses by balancing nutrients uptake. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2019, 139, 1–10.
  48. Elshoky, H.A.; Yotsova, E.; Farghali, M.A.; Farroh, K.Y.; El-Sayed, K.; Elzorkany, H.E.; Rashkov, G.; Dobrikova, A.; Borisova, P.; Stefanov, M.; et al. Impact of foliar spray of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the photosynthesis of Pisum sativum L. under salt stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2021, 167, 607–618.
  49. Hussain, H.A.; Hussain, S.; Khaliq, A.; Ashraf, U.; Anjum, S.A.; Men, S.; Wang, L. Chilling and Drought Stresses in Crop Plants: Implications, Cross Talk, and Potential Management Opportunities. Front. Plant Sci. 2018, 9, 393.
  50. Fatollahpour Grangah, M.; Rashidi, V.; Mirshekari, B.; Khalilvand Behrouzyar, E.; Farahvash, F. Effects of nano-fertilizers on physiological and yield characteristics of pinto bean cultivars under water deficit stress. J. Plant Nutr. 2020, 43, 2898–2910.
  51. Lal, R. Soil management in the developing countries. Soil Sci. 2000, 165, 57–72.
  52. Kumar, N.; Samota, S.R.; Venkatesh, K.; Tripathi, S.C. Global trends in use of nano-fertilizers for crop production: Advantages and constraints—A review. Soil Tillage Res. 2023, 228, 105645.
  53. Ghiyasi, M.; Rezaee Danesh, Y.; Amirnia, R.; Najafi, S.; Mulet, J.M.; Porcel, R. Foliar Applications of ZnO and Its Nanoparticles Increase Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Growth and Yield under Water Stress. Agronomy 2023, 13, 192.
  54. Kolencik, M.; Ernst, D.; Komar, M.; Urik, M.; Sebesta, M.; Durisova, L.; Bujdos, M.; Cerny, I.; Chlpik, J.; Juriga, M.; et al. Effects of Foliar Application of ZnO Nanoparticles on Lentil Production, Stress Level and Nutritional Seed Quality under Field Conditions. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 310.
  55. Moitazedi, S.; Sayfzadeh, S.; Haghparast, R.; Zakerin, H.R.; Jabari, H. Mitigation of drought stress effects on wheat yield via the foliar application of boron, zinc, and manganese nano-chelates and supplementary irrigation. J. Plant Nutr. 2023, 46, 1988–2002.
  56. Heydarnejadiyan, H.; Maleki, A.; Babaei, F. The Effect of Zinc and Salicylic Acid Application on Grain Yield, Essential Oil and Phytochemical Properties of Fennel Plants Under Drought Stress. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2021, 23, 1371–1385.
  57. Mahdavi Khorami, A.; Masoud Sinaki, J.; Amini Dehaghi, M.; Rezvan, S.; Damavandi, A. Sesame (Sesame indicum L.) biochemical and physiological responses as affected by applying chemical, biological, and nano-fertilizers in field water stress conditions. J. Plant Nutr. 2019, 43, 456–475.
  58. Khordadi Varamin, J.; Fanoodi, F.; Masoud Sinaki, J.; Rezvan, S.; Damavandi, A. Foliar application of chitosan and nano-magnesium fertilizers influence on seed yield, oil content, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) under water-limited conditions. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca 2020, 48, 2228–2243.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
Video Production Service
Feedback