Encyclopedia
Holt-Oram syndrome is characterized by skeletal abnormalities of the hands and arms (upper limbs) and heart problems.
- genetic conditions
1. Introduction
People with Holt-Oram syndrome have abnormally developed bones in their upper limbs. At least one abnormality in the bones of the wrist (carpal bones) is present in affected individuals. Often, these wrist bone abnormalities can be detected only by x-ray. Individuals with Holt-Oram syndrome may have additional bone abnormalities including a missing thumb, a long thumb that looks like a finger, partial or complete absence of bones in the forearm, an underdeveloped bone of the upper arm, and abnormalities of the collar bone or shoulder blades. These skeletal abnormalities may affect one or both of the upper limbs. If both upper limbs are affected, the bone abnormalities can be the same or different on each side. In cases where the skeletal abnormalities are not the same on both sides of the body, the left side is usually more severely affected than the right side.
About 75 percent of individuals with Holt-Oram syndrome have heart (cardiac) problems, which can be life-threatening. The most common problem is a defect in the muscular wall (septum) that separates the right and left sides of the heart. A hole in the septum between the upper chambers of the heart (atria) is called an atrial septal defect (ASD), and a hole in the septum between the lower chambers of the heart (ventricles) is called a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Some people with Holt-Oram syndrome have cardiac conduction disease, which is caused by abnormalities in the electrical system that coordinates contractions of the heart chambers. Cardiac conduction disease can lead to problems such as a slower-than-normal heart rate (bradycardia) or a rapid and uncoordinated contraction of the heart muscle (fibrillation). Cardiac conduction disease can occur along with other heart defects (such as ASD or VSD) or as the only heart problem in people with Holt-Oram syndrome.
The features of Holt-Oram syndrome are similar to those of a condition called Duane-radial ray syndrome; however, these two disorders are caused by mutations in different genes.
2. Frequency
Holt-Oram syndrome is estimated to affect 1 in 100,000 individuals.
3. Causes
Mutations in the TBX5 gene cause Holt-Oram syndrome. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a role in the development of the heart and upper limbs before birth. In particular, this gene appears to be important for the process that divides the developing heart into four chambers (cardiac septation). The TBX5 gene also appears to play a critical role in regulating the development of bones in the arm and hand. Mutations in this gene probably disrupt the development of the heart and upper limbs, leading to the characteristic features of Holt-Oram syndrome.
4. Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
5. Other Names for This Condition
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atrio-digital syndrome
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atriodigital dysplasia
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cardiac-limb syndrome
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heart-hand syndrome, type 1
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HOS
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ventriculo-radial syndrome
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/holt-oram-syndrome
References
- Basson CT, Cowley GS, Solomon SD, Weissman B, Poznanski AK, Traill TA, SeidmanJG, Seidman CE. The clinical and genetic spectrum of the Holt-Oram syndrome(heart-hand syndrome). N Engl J Med. 1994 Mar 31;330(13):885-91. Erratum in: NEngl J Med 1994 Jun 2;330(22):1627.
- Boogerd CJ, Dooijes D, Ilgun A, Mathijssen IB, Hordijk R, van de Laar IM, RumpP, Veenstra-Knol HE, Moorman AF, Barnett P, Postma AV. Functional analysis ofnovel TBX5 T-box mutations associated with Holt-Oram syndrome. Cardiovasc Res.2010 Oct 1;88(1):130-9. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvq178.Cardiovasc Res. 2011 Jan 1;89(1):253. Mathijssen, Inge B [added].
- Cerbai E, Sartiani L. Holt-oram syndrome and atrial fibrillation: opening the (T)-box. Circ Res. 2008 Jun 6;102(11):1304-6. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.178079.
- Chryssostomidis G, Kanakis M, Fotiadou V, Laskari C, Kousi T, Apostolidis C,Azariadis P, Chatzis A. Diversity of congenital cardiac defects and skeletaldeformities associated with the Holt-Oram syndrome. Int J Surg Case Rep.2014;5(7):389-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2014.04.034.
- Debeer P, Race V, Gewillig M, Devriendt K, Frijns JP. Novel TBX5 mutations in patients with Holt-Oram syndrome. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Sep;462:20-6.
- Hatcher CJ, McDermott DA. Using the TBX5 transcription factor to grow andsculpt the heart. Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Jul 1;140(13):1414-8. Review.
- Huang T, Lock JE, Marshall AC, Basson C, Seidman JG, Seidman CE. Causes ofclinical diversity in human TBX5 mutations. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol.2002;67:115-20.
- McDermott DA, Bressan MC, He J, Lee JS, Aftimos S, Brueckner M, Gilbert F,Graham GE, Hannibal MC, Innis JW, Pierpont ME, Raas-Rothschild A, Shanske AL,Smith WE, Spencer RH, St John-Sutton MG, van Maldergem L, Waggoner DJ, Weber M,Basson CT. TBX5 genetic testing validates strict clinical criteria for Holt-Oram syndrome. Pediatr Res. 2005 Nov;58(5):981-6.
- McDermott DA, Fong JC, Basson CT. Holt-Oram Syndrome. 2004 Jul 20 [updated2019 May 23]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University ofWashington, Seattle; 1993-2020. Available fromhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1111/
- Mori AD, Bruneau BG. TBX5 mutations and congenital heart disease: Holt-Oramsyndrome revealed. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2004 May;19(3):211-5. Review.
