Encyclopedia
Hereditary angioedema is a disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of severe swelling (angioedema). The most common areas of the body to develop swelling are the limbs, face, intestinal tract, and airway.
- genetic conditions
1. Introduction
Minor trauma or stress may trigger an attack, but swelling often occurs without a known trigger. Episodes involving the intestinal tract cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Swelling in the airway can restrict breathing and lead to life-threatening obstruction of the airway. About one-third of people with this condition develop a non-itchy rash called erythema marginatum during an attack.
Symptoms of hereditary angioedema typically begin in childhood and worsen during puberty. On average, untreated individuals have an attack every 1 to 2 weeks, and most episodes last for about 3 to 4 days. The frequency and duration of attacks vary greatly among people with hereditary angioedema, even among people in the same family.
There are three types of hereditary angioedema, called types I, II, and III, which can be distinguished by their underlying causes and levels of a protein called C1 inhibitor in the blood. The different types have similar signs and symptoms. Type III was originally thought to occur only in women, but families with affected males have been identified.
2. Frequency
Hereditary angioedema is estimated to affect 1 in 50,000 people. Type I is the most common, accounting for 85 percent of cases. Type II occurs in 15 percent of cases, and type III is very rare.
3. Causes
Mutations in the SERPING1 gene cause hereditary angioedema type I and type II. The SERPING1 gene provides instructions for making the C1 inhibitor protein, which is important for controlling inflammation. C1 inhibitor blocks the activity of certain proteins that promote inflammation. Mutations that cause hereditary angioedema type I lead to reduced levels of C1 inhibitor in the blood, while mutations that cause type II result in the production of a C1 inhibitor that functions abnormally. Without the proper levels of functional C1 inhibitor, excessive amounts of a protein fragment (peptide) called bradykinin are generated. Bradykinin promotes inflammation by increasing the leakage of fluid through the walls of blood vessels into body tissues. Excessive accumulation of fluids in body tissues causes the episodes of swelling seen in individuals with hereditary angioedema type I and type II.
Mutations in the F12 gene are associated with some cases of hereditary angioedema type III. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called coagulation factor XII. In addition to playing a critical role in blood clotting (coagulation), factor XII is also an important stimulator of inflammation and is involved in the production of bradykinin. Certain mutations in the F12 gene result in the production of factor XII with increased activity. As a result, more bradykinin is generated and blood vessel walls become more leaky, which leads to episodes of swelling in people with hereditary angioedema type III.
The cause of other cases of hereditary angioedema type III remains unknown. Mutations in one or more as-yet unidentified genes may be responsible for the disorder in these cases.
4. Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
5. Other Names for This Condition
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C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
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C1 inhibitor deficiency
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HAE
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HANE
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hereditary angioneurotic edema
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/hereditary-angioedema
References
- Cichon S, Martin L, Hennies HC, Müller F, Van Driessche K, Karpushova A,Stevens W, Colombo R, Renné T, Drouet C, Bork K, Nöthen MM. Increased activity ofcoagulation factor XII (Hageman factor) causes hereditary angioedema type III. AmJ Hum Genet. 2006 Dec;79(6):1098-104.
- Cugno M, Zanichelli A, Foieni F, Caccia S, Cicardi M. C1-inhibitor deficiency and angioedema: molecular mechanisms and clinical progress. Trends Mol Med. 2009 Feb;15(2):69-78. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.12.001.
- Dewald G, Bork K. Missense mutations in the coagulation factor XII (Hagemanfactor) gene in hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitor. Biochem BiophysRes Commun. 2006 May 19;343(4):1286-9.
- Gösswein T, Kocot A, Emmert G, Kreuz W, Martinez-Saguer I, Aygören-Pürsün E,Rusicke E, Bork K, Oldenburg J, Müller CR. Mutational spectrum of the C1INH(SERPING1) gene in patients with hereditary angioedema. Cytogenet Genome Res.2008;121(3-4):181-8. doi: 10.1159/000138883.
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- Martin L, Raison-Peyron N, Nöthen MM, Cichon S, Drouet C. Hereditaryangioedema with normal C1 inhibitor gene in a family with affected women and men is associated with the p.Thr328Lys mutation in the F12 gene. J Allergy ClinImmunol. 2007 Oct;120(4):975-7.
- Pappalardo E, Caccia S, Suffritti C, Tordai A, Zingale LC, Cicardi M. Mutationscreening of C1 inhibitor gene in 108 unrelated families with hereditaryangioedema: functional and structural correlates. Mol Immunol. 2008Aug;45(13):3536-44. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.05.007.
- Wouters D, Wagenaar-Bos I, van Ham M, Zeerleder S. C1 inhibitor: just a serineprotease inhibitor? New and old considerations on therapeutic applications of C1 inhibitor. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008 Aug;8(8):1225-40. doi:10.1517/14712598.8.8.1225 . Review.
- Zuraw BL. Clinical practice. Hereditary angioedema. N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep4;359(10):1027-36. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp0803977. Review.
