Encyclopedia
FG syndrome is a genetic condition that affects many parts of the body and occurs almost exclusively in males. "FG" represents the surname initials of the first family diagnosed with the disorder.
- genetic conditions
1. Introduction
FG syndrome affects intelligence and behavior. Almost everyone with the condition has intellectual disability, which ranges from mild to severe. Affected individuals tend to be friendly, inquisitive, and hyperactive, with a short attention span. Compared to people with other forms of intellectual disability, their socialization and daily living skills are strong, while verbal communication and language skills tend to be weaker.
The physical features of FG syndrome include weak muscle tone (hypotonia), broad thumbs, and wide first (big) toes. Abnormalities of the tissue connecting the left and right halves of the brain (the corpus callosum) are also common. Most affected individuals have constipation, and many have abnormalities of the anus such as an obstruction of the anal opening (imperforate anus). People with FG syndrome also tend to have a distinctive facial appearance including small, underdeveloped ears; a tall, prominent forehead; and outside corners of the eyes that point downward (down-slanting palpebral fissures).
Additional features seen in some people with FG syndrome include widely set eyes (hypertelorism), an upswept frontal hairline, and a large head compared to body size (relative macrocephaly). Other health problems have also been reported, including heart defects, seizures, undescended testes (cryptorchidism) in males, and a soft out-pouching in the lower abdomen (an inguinal hernia).
2. Frequency
The prevalence of FG syndrome is unknown, although several hundred cases have been reported worldwide. Researchers suspect that FG syndrome may be overdiagnosed because many of its signs and symptoms are also seen with other disorders.
3. Causes
Researchers have identified changes in five regions of the X chromosome that are linked to FG syndrome in affected families. Mutations in a gene called MED12, which is located in one of these regions, appear to be the most common cause of the disorder. Researchers are investigating genes in other regions of the X chromosome that may also be associated with FG syndrome.
The MED12 gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps regulate gene activity. Specifically, the MED12 protein forms part of a large complex (a group of proteins that work together) that turns genes on and off. The MED12 protein is thought to play an essential role in development both before and after birth.
At least two mutations in the MED12 gene have been found to cause FG syndrome. Although the mutations alter the structure of the MED12 protein, it is unclear how they lead to intellectual disability, behavioral changes, and the physical features associated with this condition.
4. Inheritance
FG syndrome is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. The genes likely associated with this disorder, including MED12, are located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females (who have two X chromosomes), a mutation usually must occur in both copies of the gene to cause the disorder. Because it is unlikely that females will have two altered copies of a gene on the X chromosome, males are affected by X-linked recessive disorders much more frequently than females. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.
5. Other Names for This Condition
- FGS
- FGS1
- Keller syndrome
- mental retardation, large head, imperforate anus, congenital hypotonia, and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum
- OKS
- Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/fg-syndrome
References
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- Briault S, Odent S, Lucas J, Le Merrer M, Turleau C, Munnich A, Moraine C.Paracentric inversion of the X chromosome [inv(X)(q12q28)] in familial FGsyndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1999 Sep 10;86(2):112-4.
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- Graham JM Jr, Tackels D, Dibbern K, Superneau D, Rogers C, Corning K, SchwartzCE. FG syndrome: report of three new families with linkage to Xq12-q22.1. Am JMed Genet. 1998 Nov 2;80(2):145-56.
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- Lyons MJ. MED12-Related Disorders. 2008 Jun 23 [updated 2016 Aug 11]. In: AdamMP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle;1993-2020. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1676/
- Ozonoff S, Williams BJ, Rauch AM, Opitz JO. Behavior phenotype of FG syndrome:cognition, personality, and behavior in eleven affected boys. Am J Med Genet.2000 Summer;97(2):112-8.
- Piluso G, Carella M, D'Avanzo M, Santinelli R, Carrano EM, D'Avanzo A, D'AdamoAP, Gasparini P, Nigro V. Genetic heterogeneity of FG syndrome: a fourth locus(FGS4) maps to Xp11.4-p11.3 in an Italian family. Hum Genet. 2003Feb;112(2):124-30.
- Risheg H, Graham JM Jr, Clark RD, Rogers RC, Opitz JM, Moeschler JB, PeifferAP, May M, Joseph SM, Jones JR, Stevenson RE, Schwartz CE, Friez MJ. A recurrent mutation in MED12 leading to R961W causes Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome. Nat Genet.2007 Apr;39(4):451-3.
- Rump P, Niessen RC, Verbruggen KT, Brouwer OF, de Raad M, Hordijk R. A novelmutation in MED12 causes FG syndrome (Opitz-Kaveggia syndrome). Clin Genet. 2011 Feb;79(2):183-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01449.x.
