Encyclopedia
The theory of black holes was conceived by Karl Schwarzschild during World War II. The term black hole for the then-theoretical celestial object was coined later by John Wheeler. Black holes are thought to have the escape velocity faster than the speed of light, which means not even light can escape their gravitational fields. Currently, most astronomical scientists have reached the consensus that black holes exist at the center of every galaxy.
- black hole
- general relativity
- active galactic nuclei
Physical Properties
Black holes can only be described by their spin, charge, and angular momentum, with other attributes derived from the basic properties. They are thought in classical cosmology, i.e. the Big Bang model, to be the result of collapsing matter following the explosion of large stars into supernovae. Therefore, the mass of a black hole is often depicted in terms of solar mass, denoted by m⊙.
With their basic physical properties, four types of black holes have been proposed by theoretical physicists, with each type named in honor of them [1]:
| Name | Charge | Spin |
|---|---|---|
| Schwarzchild black hole | No | No |
| Kerr black hole | No | Yes |
| Kerr-Newman black hole | Yes | Yes |
| Reissner-Nordström black hole | Yes | No |
The Big Bang Interpretations
The idea of the universe starting out from an atom originated from the Belgian physicist contemporary to Einstein's time, George Lemaître. On March 28, 1949, the English astronomer Fred Hoyle popularized the phrase the "Big Bang" during a defense [2]. The framework of the Big Bang Theory and nuclear physics was later constructed into the cosmic interpretations of the theoretical celestial object.
Two types of black holes are categorized in the Bang Bang model according to the origins, primordial black hole and the normative black hole from stellar remnants. Primordial black holes are thought to be created not soon after the Big Bang, and the black holes from stellar remnants are thought to be created after a star exhausted its capacities for nuclear fusion. It is estimated that for a star to be capable of compaction into a singularity, it must have a mass greater than 3.4 times that of the Sun.
Characteristics
Quite a few features have been attributed to black holes in observational astronomy, among which include its Bolometric luminosity, denoted by LBol, absolute magnitude, the widely known event horizon and singularity, Hawking radiation and Hawking points, and active galactic nuclei, etc. [3] The stellar remnant belief of black hole postulates that the event horizon is the threshold in space where the gravitational force surpasses the velocity of light, and relativity theory postulates the singularity being a point of infinite spacetime curvature.
References
- Pachankis, Y.I.; Neutron Number Asymmetry in Proton Decay Momentum. Journal of Agricultural, Earth & Environmental Sciences 2022, 1, 1-9, .
- The Big Bang Theory: How the Universe Began . Live Science. Retrieved 2023-10-6
- New Methods of Measuring Black Hole Spin and Accretion Disk Properties . The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 2023-10-6
