Encyclopedia
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency is an inherited disorder that causes ammonia to accumulate in the blood (hyperammonemia). Ammonia, which is formed when proteins are broken down in the body, is toxic if the levels become too high. The brain is especially sensitive to the effects of excess ammonia.
- genetic conditions
1. Introduction
In the first few days of life, infants with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency typically exhibit the effects of hyperammonemia, which may include unusual sleepiness, poorly regulated breathing rate or body temperature, unwillingness to feed, vomiting after feeding, unusual body movements, seizures, or coma. Affected individuals who survive the newborn period may experience recurrence of these symptoms if diet is not carefully managed or if they experience infections or other stressors. They may also have delayed development and intellectual disability.
In some people with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency, signs and symptoms may be less severe and appear later in life.
2. Frequency
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency is a rare disorder; its overall incidence is unknown. Researchers in Japan have estimated that it occurs in 1 in 800,000 newborns in that country.
3. Causes
Mutations in the CPS1 gene cause carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency. The CPS1 gene provides instructions for making the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. This enzyme participates in the urea cycle, which is a sequence of biochemical reactions that occurs in liver cells. The urea cycle processes excess nitrogen, generated when protein is broken down by the body, to make a compound called urea that is excreted by the kidneys. The specific role of the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I enzyme is to control the first step of the urea cycle, a reaction in which excess nitrogen compounds are incorporated into the cycle to be processed.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency belongs to a class of genetic diseases called urea cycle disorders. In this condition, the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I enzyme is at low levels (deficient) or absent, and the urea cycle cannot proceed normally. As a result, nitrogen accumulates in the bloodstream in the form of toxic ammonia instead of being converted to less toxic urea and excreted. Ammonia is especially damaging to the brain, and excess ammonia causes neurological problems and other signs and symptoms of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency.
4. Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.
5. Other Names for This Condition
- carbamoyl-phosphate synthase I deficiency disease
- carbamyl-phosphate synthetase I deficiency disease
- congenital hyperammonemia, type I
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/carbamoyl-phosphate-synthetase-i-deficiency
References
- Ah Mew N, Simpson KL, Gropman AL, Lanpher BC, Chapman KA, Summar ML. UreaCycle Disorders Overview. 2003 Apr 29 [updated 2017 Jun 22]. In: Adam MP,Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors.GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle;1993-2020. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1217/
- Aoshima T, Kajita M, Sekido Y, Mimura S, Itakura A, Yasuda I, Saheki T,Watanabe K, Shimokata K, Niwa T. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency:molecular genetic findings and prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn. 2001Aug;21(8):634-7.
- Endo F, Matsuura T, Yanagita K, Matsuda I. Clinical manifestations of inbornerrors of the urea cycle and related metabolic disorders during childhood. JNutr. 2004 Jun;134(6 Suppl):1605S-1609S; discussion 1630S-1632S, 1667S-1672S.doi: 10.1093/jn/134.6.1605S. Review.
- Finckh U, Kohlschütter A, Schäfer H, Sperhake K, Colombo JP, Gal A. Prenataldiagnosis of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency by identification of amissense mutation in CPS1. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(3):206-11.
- Häberle J, Schmidt E, Pauli S, Rapp B, Christensen E, Wermuth B, Koch HG. Genestructure of human carbamylphosphate synthetase 1 and novel mutations in patientswith neonatal onset. Hum Mutat. 2003 Apr;21(4):444.
- Rapp B, Häberle J, Linnebank M, Wermuth B, Marquardt T, Harms E, Koch HG.Genetic analysis of carbamoylphosphate synthetase I and ornithinetranscarbamylase deficiency using fibroblasts. Eur J Pediatr. 2001May;160(5):283-7.
- Wakutani Y, Nakayasu H, Takeshima T, Adachi M, Kawataki M, Kihira K, Sawada H,Bonno M, Yamamoto H, Nakashima K. Mutational analysis of carbamoylphosphatesynthetase I deficiency in three Japanese patients. J Inherit Metab Dis.2004;27(6):787-8.
