Recently, many Chinese cities have prioritized economic development, resulting in the reduction in urban green spaces, destruction of the ecological environment, and epidemics of infectious diseases [24]. Therefore, the Chinese government has paid more attention to the construction of urban parks in urban planning to maintain the stability of the natural environment and the social system of cities and to promote their sustainable development [25]. Urban parks are places that fulfil the need for residents to have access to nature in their daily lives. They not only improve people’s physical and mental health [26] and enhance social cohesion [27,28], but also provide considerable ecological and economic value to local communities [29,30]. Building high-quality parks is therefore a priority for people’s well-being [31,32]. Since frequent visits to parks by residents are required for them to obtain these benefits, urban park builders and managers need to understand people’s perceptions of and preferences for urban parks to ensure that they maximize their value to the public [33]. However, people’s perceptions of urban parks are often subjective, vague, and intangible, and quantifying residents’ perceptions of and preferences for urban parks is challenging. Consequently, environmental perceptions are less commonly considered in current park planning and management than other measures [34,35]. To obtain a more direct and accurate picture of residents’ perceptions of urban parks, research needs to be conducted from both positive and negative perspectives. Unfortunately, negative perceptions of urban parks have often been neglected in current research [36,37]. Urban park environments can also provide disadvantages such as physical hazards (e.g., lack of protection against waters and poisonous plants and animals) and lack of accessibility (e.g., inaccessibility and lack of infrastructure), which may cause strong negative feelings among park visitors. Therefore, this study considered both the positive and negative perceptions of residents with equal importance.

A series of studies have shown that the main factors affecting visits to urban parks include park landscape features, accessibility, and surrounding environment features [38,39,40,41,42]. Therefore, in terms of residents’ perceptions of the environment in urban parks, the landscape factors [43,44,45,46] in parks have been extensively covered by researchers. These landscape factors affect the emotional attitudes and behavioural activities of visitors and residents in urban parks. For example, landscape factors, such as plants, water bodies, and buildings, are closely related to the environmental perception of urban parks [47,48,49,50]. Moreover, the visiting frequency for landscape factors can provide further insight into people’s preferences. For example, landscape environments with water tend to be visited more frequently, and thus more urban parks have been including water features. Therefore, understanding what affects the environmental perception of urban parks and to what extent it influences people’s perceptions is necessary to assist urban decisionmakers and city builders in their policy-making.

Traditional evaluation studies of urban parks have focused on field surveys, i.e., questionnaires, interviews, and observations, to assess the benefits of park applications [51,52,53]. This type of research, which clearly and easily verifies the identity of the participants, has certain shortcomings as the data that are collected are limited by the researcher’s cognitive scope. The questions that are set by the researcher can lead the respondents, and the respondents may conceal their true perceptions due to the lack of anonymity. Another unavoidable drawback is that the data collection of traditional research methods is based on the peer-to-peer form, which is difficult to obtain, inefficient, and laborious. These limitations affect the generalizability and accuracy of the research results to a certain extent.

With the development of network technology, Web 2.0 provides a new way for the public to participate in urban development. Web 2.0 is a collection of technologies in which users create content, interact with other users, and share information [54]. People can share their views, opinions, ideas, and experiences on social media platforms [55]. Since social media data are characterized by the storage of large amounts of rich content and the rapid dissemination of information [56], there are many opportunities for researchers and policymakers to use these data to understand public life and opinions [57]. For instance, Zhang et al. [58] proposed a model of the process of the co-creation of tourism experiences through travellers’ journeys by utilizing people’s excursion experiences that were posted online. Then, Hausmann et al. [59] obtained visitors’ preferences for biotypes through photos of parks that were posted on social media platforms. Additionally, Wang et al. [60] identified and analysed the content that was posted by users on social media platforms to address the regeneration of urban parks.

Unlike typical surveys with targeted questions, social media data are often “loose”, “noisy”, and “dispersed” [61], and the data can be used to revisit the opinions on parks over time and re-examine the understanding of urban parks [60,62,63]. For example, in park design, monumental and iconic facilities are often at the centre of the landscape, yet according to social media data, architectural and man-made elements in parks are not strongly valued by visitors [64,65]. Furthermore, Wan et al. [20] collected and analysed Instagram-generated data and found that natural elements were more associated with well-being than with aesthetic experience. Then, Liang et al. [66] found that during the holidays, the density of visits to Shanghai’s urban parks was significantly higher and more concentrated in the city centre rather than in the parks on the outskirts of the city. As the most-developed city in China, Shanghai’s park use patterns provide some reference projections for other rapidly developing first- and second-tier cities in China. Thus, a large amount of online evaluation data can identify people’s uses and experiences of urban parks and help managers to clearly plan strategies and tactics from all perspectives [67].