Impact of Green Process Innovation on Sustainability: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Congbin Cheng
,
Sayed Fayaz Ahmad
,
Muhammad Irshad
,
Ghadeer Alsanie
,
Yasser Khan
,
Ahmad Y. A. Bani Ahmad (Ayassrah)
,
Abdu Rahman Aleemi

Scientists and researchers are attempting to determine how to strategically expand businesses in a way that strikes the right balance between economic development and ecological responsibility. One of those strategies is green process innovation (GPI) and green productivity (GP).

  • environmental awareness
  • green productivity
  • green process innovation
  • sustainability and green innovation

1. Introduction

At the turn of the century, the globe experienced fast change, including a shift in the production sector’s approach to ensuring sustainable development [1]. Now, the Earth is compelling us to look into the matter more seriously. Throughout recent decades, nations worldwide have prioritized industrial and economic progress at the price of the environment [2][3]. This development was fueled by traditional technologies, which have high greenhouse gas emissions and inefficient energy use qualities, both of which contributed to global warming [4][5][6]. As a result, the Earth is witnessing extreme weather events, such as rising sea levels and melting glaciers, which further endanger the environment on Earth [7][8]. Another significant issue in past economic and industrial development was the extensive use of natural resources such as water, fossil fuels, and other raw materials [9]. Reducing pollution, carbon dioxide emissions, use of water and energy, etc., was not the priority of production and businesses [10]. So, there is an urgent need to move away from energy-inefficient technologies and to concentrate more on green technologies and green productivity that not only save energy but also contribute to pollution and emission reduction during production [11][12][13][14].
Keeping in mind this necessity, scientists and researchers are attempting to determine how to strategically expand businesses in a way that strikes the right balance between economic development and ecological responsibility [15][16][17][18]. One of those strategies is green process innovation (GPI) and green productivity (GP). GPI is a way for businesses to be more environmentally conscious while promoting sustainable competitive benefits. The innovative use or exploitation of production methods reduces environmental pollution compared to alternatives [19]. Businesses frequently employ green process innovations to increase production efficiency, reduce costs, and expand market opportunities [20]. With the use of such technologies, during production, waste is significantly reduced or recycled, and energy is used more effectively [21][22][23]. Another strategy to ensure economic development and conservation of the earth’s environment and natural resources is green productivity (GP) [24]. GP aims to improve socioeconomic and environmental performance while increasing production [25]. Producing goods and services that are environmentally friendly requires the adoption of a GP strategy that includes the right processes, technology, and management systems [26]. One of the most critical factors necessary for sustainable development is environmental awareness (EA). EA refers to the level of consciousness and concern that individuals, organizations, and societies have about the state of the natural environment and the impact of human activities on it [27]. It involves an understanding of environmental issues and a willingness to act to protect and preserve the environment [28]. EA plays a critical role in GPI and GP as it is more oriented towards the environment and the challenges it is facing. These challenges can only be incorporated into GPI and GP if individuals, organizations, and societies are aware of them, and their solution leads to sustainability.

2. Green Process Innovation

As industries generate considerable environmental pollution, the call for green innovation is increasing [29]. It has gradually gained greater attention among scientists and environmental experts and is now recognized as a critical tactic for achieving sustainability [30]. It says businesses should ensure firms and customers value while considerably reducing their environmental effects by developing new processes and products [31]. Its purpose is not to facilitate economic development but to promote sustainability. One strategy to reduce the negative impact of industries on the environment is green process innovation [32]. It is necessary to understand the green process before discussing GPI. Green processes are the manufacturing processes and methods that minimize the adverse effects on the environment and prioritize environmental sustainability [33]. They reduce waste, pollution, and energy consumption while ensuring the efficient use of natural resources. They can be applied in various industries, including manufacturing, construction, transportation, and agriculture [34]. Green process innovation refers to the development and implementation of new processes, systems, or technologies that are designed to promote environmental sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of industrial processes [35][36]. It helps to reduce waste, conserve resources, and promote energy efficiency. GPI is a critical aspect of sustainable development, as it supports economic growth while minimizing environmental consequences [37]. It also gives firms a competitive advantage by reducing costs and improving brand reputation [30]. Governments are now incentivizing organizations for GPI to maximize the development and adoption of sustainable processes and technologies [38].
Through GPI, businesses can innovate biodegradable and sustainable materials, such as bioplastics or sustainable packaging [39], to reduce the environmental impact of industrial processes [40]. In addition, greenhouse emissions can be reduced [41] through renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower [42]. Energy-efficient processes can be developed [43]. The development of closed-loop systems, which recycle and reuse, can help to reduce waste and ensure the efficient use of resources [44]. Sustainable water management systems, such as rainwater harvesting and wastewater treatment, can reduce water consumption and promote water conservation [45]. In short, the current sustainability challenges coming from the inefficient use of natural resources, the inefficient use of energy, waste production, carbon emissions, etc., and they can be reduced through GPI. In addition to the environmental benefit, it will also give firms a competitive advantage through the efficient use of resources, waste reduction and recycling, the efficient and effective use of renewable sources for energy, building their brand reputation, receiving incentives from the government, etc.

3. Green Productivity

Green productivity (GP) was defined as “a strategy for simultaneously enhancing productivity and environmental performance for overall socio-economic development that leads to sustained improvement in the quality of human life” by the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit [46]. GP improves organizational efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts [47]. It simultaneously focuses on optimizing the use of resources, minimizing waste, pollution, and other adverse environmental effects, and increasing productivity and profitability [48]. Green productivity can be attained through eco-friendly technologies, implementing environmentally friendly policies and practices, and adopting sustainable management practices [49][50]. It creates a win–win situation where the environment is protected, and businesses can achieve better economic performance [51].
Green productivity helps businesses achieve sustainable growth and contributes to a healthier planet. Still, it cannot be achieved without sustainable practices and technologies, trained and skilled employees, and environmental awareness [52]. It would not be easy to summarize all the areas and roles GP plays in achieving sustainability. Yet, some of the essential areas include greening the supply chain [53], energy efficiency [54], waste management [55][56], and thus promoting social development. GP reduces operating expenses by minimizing energy and resource use [57] and by reducing waste and pollution, which not only gives a competitive advantage but also leads to sustainability [56][58]. Similarly, it improves the efficiency of business operations by optimizing resource use and minimizing waste and pollution [56]. Some countries have strict environmental regulations, and business organizations must comply. GP assists those firms in complying with environmental regulations, reducing the risk of fines and penalties [59][60].
GP’s core objectives are environmental protection and productivity improvement, which cannot be achieved without re-engineering, re-evaluation, and the examination of production technologies, processes, and products [46]. Production technologies, processes, and products must be innovated in an environmentally friendly manner [61]. Continuous improvements must be made through different processes, product options, and innovations [62]. GP leads to sustainability [63] by improving productivity, reducing waste, ensuring adequate water management, maximizing energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, etc.

4. Environmental Awareness

Our planet is facing severe challenges such as climate change, the greenhouse effect, carbon emissions, the depletion of natural resources, energy resource shortages, industrial waste, etc. [64]. It is necessary to address these challenges and make the habitat safe. These challenges come from human activities required for economic development [65] and industries using natural resources irresponsibly without considering the global problems they create [66]. Environmental awareness is necessary on individual and industrial levels to address these challenges and to ensure economic development and environmental conservation [67]. EA is the degree of awareness and care that people, organizations, and society have towards the environment, and the impact of human activities on the environment [68]. It includes being aware of environmental concerns and being willing to take steps to conserve and protect the environment. Without AE, obtaining sustainable development is impossible in a manner that will ensure the Earth’s future [69].
Most individuals are unaware of the necessity of environmental preservation and how they may contribute to it. Humans must be ecologically conscious of playing a part in protecting the environment [70]. Recycling, conserving water, and utilizing energy-efficient appliances are some of the things we can do to improve our environmental consciousness [71].
EA promotes the conservation of natural resources, such as water, air, and land. It assists in reducing waste and pollution and discourages the inefficient use of energy and greenhouse gases, to name a few [72]. It can play a significant role in green process innovation [73] and green productivity by making them more focused on environmental concerns [74]. If individuals know about the issues and value nature, they will actively participate in innovating a green process and productivity. Similarly, industries that are well aware of the environmental issues they are contributing to can plan and innovate their processes and products to be more environmentally friendly than those unaware of the need or consequences.

5. Sustainability

The capability of a system or society to persist throughout time by balancing environmental, economic, and social elements is referred to as sustainability [75]. It entails using resources to meet current needs without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to meet their own [76]. Some sustainability issues include global warming, resource depletion, carbon emissions, pollution, biodiversity loss, and social inequality [77]. These issues come from the activities of humans, undertaken for their economic development or growth [65], and industries are the most prominent contributors [66]. Currently, no other choice exists except to take steps to maintain the Earth’s ecosystem through sustainable choices [78]. The United Nations has also issued 17 goals related to sustainable development and invited individuals, organizations, and nations across the globe to play their part in achieving these goals [79]. If harmful operations continue unabated, the planet will run out of natural resources, many animal species will become extinct, and the environment will be irreparably harmed [80]. There is a severe need to change behavior and make decisions that ensure the right balance between the planet’s environment and social and economic development [81]. Reducing carbon emissions, conserving resources such as water and energy, promoting renewable energy, protecting biodiversity and ecosystems, promoting social equity and justice, and fostering sustainable economic development are some factors that ensure and promote sustainability [81][82]. These factors are closely linked with industries and business organizations that prioritize their economic growth and benefits at the cost of sustainability, and they are central to serious decisions ensuring sustainability through green process innovation [83], productivity [46], and environmental awareness [73]. GPI and GP are the primary tools for reducing carbon emissions, conserving resources, promoting renewable energy, protecting the ecosystem and biodiversity, and achieving economic development. EA can also play a crucial role in promoting sustainability [84]. If individuals and industrial organizations are well aware of the importance and issues of the environment, they will incorporate them into their operations, policies, innovations, and productions. Similarly, through GPI, technologies, methodologies, and processes can be designed to reduce the consumption of resources, energy, waste production, pollution, etc., that harm sustainability. Lastly, GP can also be an effective strategy for obtaining sustainable development.

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su151712945

References

  1. Siew, R. Sustainability Analytics Toolkit for Practitioners; Springer Nature Singapore: Singapore, 2023.
  2. Galimulina, F.; Zaraychenko, I.; Farrakhova, A.; Misbakhova, C. Rationalization of water supply management in industry within the framework of the concept of sustainable development. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 890, 012177.
  3. Liu, H.; Wong, W.-K.; Cong, P.T.; Nassani, A.A.; Haffar, M.; Abu-Rumman, A. Linkage among Urbanization, energy Consumption, economic growth and carbon Emissions. Panel data analysis for China using ARDL model. Fuel 2023, 332, 126122.
  4. Hussain, M.; Mir, G.M.; Usman, M.; Ye, C.; Mansoor, S. Analysing the role of environment-related technologies and carbon emissions in emerging economies: A step towards sustainable development. Environ. Technol. 2022, 43, 367–375.
  5. Naqi, A.; Jang, J. Recent Progress in Green Cement Technology Utilizing Low-Carbon Emission Fuels and Raw Materials: A Review. Sustainability 2019, 11, 537.
  6. Chen, X.; Rahaman, M.A.; Murshed, M.; Mahmood, H.; Hossain, M.A. Causality analysis of the impacts of petroleum use, economic growth, and technological innovation on carbon emissions in Bangladesh. Energy 2023, 267, 126565.
  7. Liu, H.; Zou, L.; Xia, J.; Chen, T.; Wang, F. Impact assessment of climate change and urbanization on the nonstationarity of extreme precipitation: A case study in an urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze river. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2022, 85, 104038.
  8. Yang, W.; Zhang, J.; Krebs, P. Investigating flood exposure induced socioeconomic risk and mitigation strategy under climate change and urbanization at a city scale. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 387, 135929.
  9. Song, M.; Xie, Q.; Shahbaz, M.; Yao, X. Economic growth and security from the perspective of natural resource assets. Resour. Policy 2023, 80, 103153.
  10. Frazee, G. 4 Reasons It’s Hard to Become a Sustainable Business; PBS: Crystal City, VI, USA, 2019.
  11. Söderholm, P. The green economy transition: The challenges of technological change for sustainability. Sustain. Earth 2020, 3, 6.
  12. Ren, C.; Wang, T.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, L. The Heterogeneous Effects of Formal and Informal Environmental Regulation on Green Technology Innovation—An Empirical Study of 284 Cities in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1621.
  13. Sahoo, S.; Kumar, A.; Upadhyay, A. How do green knowledge management and green technology innovation impact corporate environmental performance? Understanding the role of green knowledge acquisition. Bus. Strateg. Environ. 2023, 32, 551–569.
  14. Li, X.; Ruan, T.; Hou, K.; Qu, R. The configuring pathways of green technology advance, organizational strategy and policy environment for realizing low-carbon manufacturing from the perspective of simmelian tie: A qualitative comparative analysis of listed companies in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 382, 135149.
  15. Hoffmann, R.; Muttarak, R. Greening through schooling: Understanding the link between education and pro-environmental behavior in the Philippines. Environ. Res. Lett. 2020, 15, 014009.
  16. Velte, P. Which institutional investors drive corporate sustainability? A systematic literature review. Bus. Strateg. Environ. 2023, 32, 42–71.
  17. Alves, J.; Gaspar, P.D.; Lima, T.M.; Silva, P.D. What is the role of active packaging in the future of food sustainability? A systematic review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2023, 103, 1004–1020.
  18. Harsanto, B.; Primiana, I.; Sarasi, V.; Satyakti, Y. Sustainability Innovation in the Textile Industry: A Systematic Review. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1549.
  19. Khan, S.J.; Kaur, P.; Jabeen, F.; Dhir, A. Green process innovation: Where we are and where we are going. Bus. Strateg. Environ. 2021, 30, 3273–3296.
  20. Benzidia, S.; Bentahar, O.; Husson, J.; Makaoui, N. Big data analytics capability in healthcare operations and supply chain management: The role of green process innovation. Ann. Oper. Res. 2023.
  21. Jayaraman, K.; Jayashree, S.; Dorasamy, M. The Effects of Green Innovations in Organizations: Influence of Stakeholders. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1133.
  22. Zhou, J.; Li, Y.; Tian, J.; Ma, Z. Research on the Spatial Effects of Green Process Innovation, Environmental Regulation, and Precipitation on Environmental Air Pollution. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 211.
  23. Hao, Y.; Chen, P. Do renewable energy consumption and green innovation help to curb CO2 emissions? Evidence from E7 countries. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 30, 21115–21131.
  24. Yu, B. The impact of the internet on industrial green productivity: Evidence from China. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 2022, 177, 121527.
  25. Jiakui, C.; Abbas, J.; Najam, H.; Liu, J.; Abbas, J. Green technological innovation, green finance, and financial development and their role in green total factor productivity: Empirical insights from China. J. Clean. Prod. 2023, 382, 135131.
  26. Ouyang, X.; Liao, J.; Sun, C.; Cao, Y. Measure is a treasure: Revisiting the role of environmental regulation in Chinese industrial green productivity. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2023, 98, 106968.
  27. Earth Reminder. 2022. Available online: https://www.earthreminder.com/why-is-environmental-awareness-important/ (accessed on 20 January 2023).
  28. Staff. How to Cultivate Environmental Awareness in Schools. GVI. 2022. Available online: https://www.gvi.co.uk/blog/how-to-cultivate-environmental-awareness-in-schools/ (accessed on 22 February 2023).
  29. Chi, N.T.K. Driving factors for green innovation in agricultural production: An empirical study in an emerging economy. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 368, 132965.
  30. Abid, N.; Ceci, F.; Ahmad, F.; Aftab, J. Financial development and green innovation, the ultimate solutions to an environmentally sustainable society: Evidence from leading economies. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 369, 133223.
  31. Appolloni, A.; Jabbour, C.J.C.; D’Adamo, I.; Gastaldi, M.; Settembre-Blundo, D. Green recovery in the mature manufacturing industry: The role of the green-circular premium and sustainability certification in innovative efforts. Ecol. Econ. 2022, 193, 107311.
  32. Xie, X.; Huo, J.; Zou, H. Green process innovation, green product innovation, and corporate financial performance: A content analysis method. J. Bus. Res. 2019, 101, 697–706.
  33. Saroha, A.K. Green Process Engineering. Indian Chem. Eng. 2009, 51, 5–6.
  34. Kim, H.-S.; An, Y.-J.; Kwak, J.I.; Kim, H.J.; Jung, H.S.; Park, N.-G. Sustainable Green Process for Environmentally Viable Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2022, 7, 1154–1177.
  35. Begum, S.; Xia, E.; Ali, F.; Awan, U.; Ashfaq, M. Achieving green product and process innovation through green leadership and creative engagement in manufacturing. J. Manuf. Technol. Manag. 2022, 33, 656–674.
  36. Singhal, G.; Singh, P.; Sihag, A.; Srivastava, N. Current trends in green processing: Improvements of food product. In Innovations in Fermentation and Phytopharmaceutical Technologies; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2022; pp. 165–180.
  37. Frare, A.B.; Beuren, I.M. The role of green process innovation translating green entrepreneurial orientation and proactive sustainability strategy into environmental performance. J. Small Bus. Enterp. Dev. 2022, 29, 789–806.
  38. Roh, T.; Lee, K.; Yang, J.Y. How do intellectual property rights and government support drive a firm’s green innovation? The mediating role of open innovation. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 317, 128422.
  39. Moshood, T.D.; Nawanir, G.; Mahmud, F.; Mohamad, F.; Ahmad, M.H.; AbdulGhani, A.; Kumar, S. Green product innovation: A means towards achieving global sustainable product within biodegradable plastic industry. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 363, 132506.
  40. Xie, X.; Zhu, Q.; Wang, R. Turning green subsidies into sustainability: How green process innovation improves firms’ green image. Bus. Strateg. Environ. 2019, 28, 1416–1433.
  41. Lehmann, S. Low carbon construction systems using prefabricated engineered solid wood panels for urban infill to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2013, 6, 57–67.
  42. Awan, U.; Arnold, M.G.; Gölgeci, I. Enhancing green product and process innovation: Towards an integrative framework of knowledge acquisition and environmental investment. Bus. Strateg. Environ. 2021, 30, 1283–1295.
  43. Wei, Z.; Sun, L. How to leverage manufacturing digitalization for green process innovation: An information processing perspective. Ind. Manag. Data Syst. 2021, 121, 1026–1044.
  44. Xue, Y.; Wang, Y. Green electrochemical redox mediation for valuable metal extraction and recycling from industrial waste. Green Chem. 2020, 22, 6288–6309.
  45. Lim, J.S.; Li, C.; Van Fan, Y.; Klemeš, J.J. How circular economy and green technology can address Sustainable Development Goals? J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 333, 130161.
  46. Asian Productivity Organization. Glossary. Available online: https://www.apo-tokyo.org/p_glossar/ (accessed on 15 February 2023).
  47. Chen, S.; Golley, J. ‘Green’ productivity growth in China’s industrial economy. Energy Econ. 2014, 44, 89–98.
  48. Maciel, D.S.C.; de Freitas, L.S. Mensurando a Produtividade Verde: Uma proposta de métrica. Gestão Produção 2019, 26, 2019.
  49. Hermesmann, M.; Müller, T.E. Green, Turquoise, Blue, or Grey? Environmentally friendly Hydrogen Production in Transforming Energy Systems. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 2022, 90, 100996.
  50. Khattak, S.I.; Ahmad, M.; Haq, Z.U.; Shaofu, G.; Hang, J. On the goals of sustainable production and the conditions of environmental sustainability: Does cyclical innovation in green and sustainable technologies determine carbon dioxide emissions in G-7 economies. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2022, 29, 406–420.
  51. Mubin, A. Green productivity application for improving productivity and environmental performance through the selection of the best solution scenario in the agroindustry. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 821, 012031.
  52. APO. A Quick Introduction to Green Productivity. Asian Productivity Organization. Available online: https://www.gdrc.org/sustbiz/green/doc-prod_introduction.html (accessed on 12 December 2022).
  53. Qu, K.; Liu, Z. Green innovations, supply chain integration and green information system: A model of moderation. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 339, 130557.
  54. Ning, Y.; Cherian, J.; Sial, M.S.; Álvarez-Otero, S.; Comite, U.; Zia-Ud-Din, M. Green bond as a new determinant of sustainable green financing, energy efficiency investment, and economic growth: A global perspective. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 30, 61324–61339.
  55. Kurniawan, T.A.; Liang, X.; O’Callaghan, E.; Goh, H.; Othman, M.H.D.; Avtar, R.; Kusworo, T.D. Transformation of Solid Waste Management in China: Moving towards Sustainability through Digitalization-Based Circular Economy. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2374.
  56. Kharola, S.; Ram, M.; Mangla, S.K.; Goyal, N.; Nautiyal, O.P.; Pant, D.; Kazancoglu, Y. Exploring the green waste management problem in food supply chains: A circular economy context. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 351, 131355.
  57. Cui, L.; Mu, Y.; Shen, Z.; Wang, W. Energy transition, trade and green productivity in advanced economies. J. Clean. Prod. 2022, 361, 132288.
  58. Padilla-Lozano, C.P.; Collazzo, P. Corporate social responsibility, green innovation and competitiveness—Causality in manufacturing. Compet. Rev. An Int. Bus. J. 2022, 32, 21–39.
  59. Fan, M.; Yang, P.; Li, Q. Impact of environmental regulation on green total factor productivity: A new perspective of green technological innovation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 53785–53800.
  60. Lena, D.; Pasurka, C.A.; Cucculelli, M. Environmental regulation and green productivity growth: Evidence from Italian manufacturing industries. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 2022, 184, 121993.
  61. Shen, Z.; Baležentis, T.; Vardanyan, M. Evaluating Green Productivity Gains with the Exponential By-Production Technology: An Analysis of the Chinese Industrial Sector. Environ. Model. Assess. 2022, 27, 759–770.
  62. Hur, T.; Kim, I.; Yamamoto, R. Measurement of green productivity and its improvement. J. Clean. Prod. 2004, 12, 673–683.
  63. Khan, S.A.R.; Yu, Z.; Umar, M. A road map for environmental sustainability and green economic development: An empirical study. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 16082–16090.
  64. Rinkesh. 20 Environmental Problems That Our World Is Facing Today. Conserve Energy for Future. Available online: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/15-current-environmental-problems.php (accessed on 21 January 2023).
  65. Michaelides, P.; Theologou, K. Economic Activity and Climate Change in a Structural Framework: A First Approach; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2009; pp. 225–231.
  66. Włóczyk, M.; Industry. European Environmental Agency. 2023. Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/industry (accessed on 15 March 2023).
  67. Jhariya, M.K.; Meena, R.S.; Banerjee, A.; Meena, S.N. Environmental education for sustainable development. In Natural Resources Conservation and Advances for Sustainability; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2022; pp. 415–431.
  68. Kousar, S.; Afzal, M.; Ahmed, F.; Bojnec, Š. Environmental Awareness and Air Quality: The Mediating Role of Environmental Protective Behaviors. Sustainability 2022, 14, 3138.
  69. Littledyke, M. Science education for environmental awareness: Approaches to integrating cognitive and affective domains. Environ. Educ. Res. 2008, 14, 1–17.
  70. Thomas, L.; How and why environmental issues are neglected. Yale Environment Review. 2013. Available online: https://environment-review.yale.edu/how-and-why-environmental-issues-are-neglected-0 (accessed on 1 February 2023).
  71. EPA. Climate Change. In United States Environmental Protection Agency.; 2016. Available online: https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climatechange/what-you-can-do-home_.html (accessed on 1 January 2023).
  72. Stanfield, J.L.; Conserving Earth. National Geographic. 2022. Available online: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/conserving-earth/ (accessed on 2 January 2023).
  73. Zameer, H.; Yasmeen, H. Green innovation and environmental awareness driven green purchase intentions. Mark. Intell. Plan. 2022, 40, 624–638.
  74. Yu, Y.; Yamaguchi, K.; Kittner, N. How do imports and exports affect green productivity? New evidence from partially linear functional-coefficient models. J. Environ. Manag. 2022, 308, 114422.
  75. UoA. What is Sustainability? University of Alberta. Available online: https://www.mcgill.ca/sustainability/files/sustainability/what-is-sustainability.pdf (accessed on 1 February 2023).
  76. UN. Sustainability. United Nations. Available online: https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/sustainability (accessed on 1 February 2023).
  77. NREP. Top 8 Environmental Sustainability Issues We Need to Address. National Registry for Environmental Professionals. 2021. Available online: https://www.nrep.org/blog/environmental-sustainability-issues (accessed on 1 February 2023).
  78. McCartney, M.; Finlayson, M.; de Silva, S.; Amerasinghe, P.; Smakhtin, V. Sustainable Development and Ecosystem Services; AGCON: Eunice, LA, USA, 2015.
  79. UN. Sustainable Development Goals. System of Environmental-Economic Accounting. Available online: https://seea.un.org/content/sustainable-development-goals (accessed on 10 November 2022).
  80. Dushkova, D.; Haase, D. Not Simply Green: Nature-Based Solutions as a Concept and Practical Approach for Sustainability Studies and Planning Agendas in Cities. Land 2020, 9, 19.
  81. Al-Shetwi, A.Q. Sustainable development of renewable energy integrated power sector: Trends, environmental impacts, and recent challenges. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 822, 153645.
  82. Linder, N.; Giusti, M.; Samuelsson, K.; Barthel, S. Pro-environmental habits: An underexplored research agenda in sustainability science. Ambio 2022, 51, 546–556.
  83. Shan, S.; Genç, S.Y.; Kamran, H.W.; Dinca, G. Role of green technology innovation and renewable energy in carbon neutrality: A sustainable investigation from Turkey. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 294, 113004.
  84. Cao, C.; Tong, X.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, Y. How top management’s environmental awareness affect corporate green competitive advantage: Evidence from China. Kybernetes 2022, 51, 1250–1279.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback