Dendritic polymers represent the well-established 4th class of polymers, next to their conventional linear, branched, and cross-linked counterparts [5,6,7]. The main reason behind the increased scientific interest in this field is the multitude of applications [33]. Among the most recognized are water purification [43,44,45,46], separation systems [54,55] for instance chromatography [56,57], light harvesting [47,48] solvent extraction [62,63], catalysis [34,35,36,37,38], liquid crystals [39,40,41,42], textiles [49,50,51], dye nanocarriers [64,65], coatings [52,53], membranes [58,59], and gels [60,61], Perhaps the most important implementations derive from a similarity to biological molecules. These include biomimetic synthesis [68,69,70,71] and biomedical formulations based on the macromolecules themselves [72,73,74,75,76,77,78] and their composites [79]. Some possess intrinsic antimicrobial [80,81] and antiviral [82,83] properties. Functionalization [84,85] or inclusion of metal nanoparticles [86] into their cavities increases their potential. They are also capable of controlled [87], targeted [88], and stimuli-responsive [89] drug release [90,91,92]. Other nanomedicine uses [93,94] include theranostics [106,107] for example biosensors [102,103], cancer diagnosis [95,96] and therapy [97,98], magnetic resonance and bioimaging [104,105], therapy for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis [110,111], gene transfection [99,100,101], treatment of central nervous system conditions [108,109], antimicrobial coatings for orthopedical implants [112,113], and antigen mimicry for vaccinations [114]. The properties of bio-dendritic polymers are ideally suited for tissue engineering [115,116,117,118] including the field of regeneretive dentistry.
Dendritic Polymer | Modification | Substrate | Function | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
G5 PAMAM | Arg-Gly Asp | - | Dermal microvessel endothelial, human vascular endothelial, odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells | [206] |
G5 PAMAM | Fluorescein isothiocyanate Arg-Gly Asp | - | Dental pulp cells differentiation mouse odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells | [207] |
G3, G4 PAMAM-COOH | Carboxylic acid functionalization | Collagen fibrils | Dentin remineralization | [210] |
G3.5 PAMAM | Alendronate | Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [252] |
G4 PAMAM-COOH | Butanedioic anhydride | Ferric chloride solution | Aggregates with a microribbon structure | [251] |
PAMAM G3 | Carboxylic acid functionalization | Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [245] |
G1 PAMAM Dendron | Aspartic acid, hexadecyl chain at the focal point | Biomimetic amelogenin nanospheres | Hydroxyapatite orientation Enamel | [250] |
G4 PAMAM | Dimethyl phosphate | Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [249] |
G3 PAMAM-NH2 | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [217] | |
G4 PAMAM-COOH | Triclosan | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization, anti-bacterial | [239] |
G4 PAMAM | Demineralized dentinal tubules | Dentin remineralization | [215] | |
G3 PAMAM-NH2 | Type-I collagen fibrils | Mineralization of collagen fibrils | [219] | |
G2 G4-PAMAM-OH | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [212] | |
PAMAM-COOH | Ca(OH)2 | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [221] |
G4.5 PAMAM-COOH | Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [246] | |
G2 PAMAM | Glutaraldehyde | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [213] |
G3 PAMAM | Phosphorylation polyacrylic acid | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [233] |
G4 PAMAM | Phosphorylation | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [234] |
G3 PAMAM | Amorphous calcium phosphate | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [223] |
G3.5 PAMAM | Demineralized dentin | In vivo Dentin remineralization | [211] | |
PAMAM-COOH | Nano-hydroxyapatite | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [237] |
PAMAM-OH, PAMAM-COOH, PAMAM-NH2 | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [218] | |
G3 PAMAM | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [225] |
G3-PAMAM-NH2 | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization in an acidic solution | [226] |
PAMAM 3.5 | NACP resin | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [227] |
PAMAM | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [216] | |
G3 PAMAM | bioactive multifunctional composite | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [230] |
G3 PAMAM | Glutaraldehyde | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [214] |
G3 PAMAM-NH2 | Amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles | Ethoxylated bisphenol A, dimethacrylate pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate resin | Dentin remineralization | [228] |
Phosphorylated G3, G4 PAMAM | Apigenin | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization, anti-bacterial | [240] |
G4 PAMAM | Mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles | Dentin remineralization | [238] | |
G4 PAMAM | SN15 salivary statherin protein-inspired peptide NACP resin | Demineralized dentin | Enamel remineralization | [253] |
PAMAM | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [222] |
G3 PAMAM-COOH | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [224] |
PAMAM-NH2, PAMAM-COOH, PAMAM-OH |
Enamel | Enamel remineralization | [247] | |
G5 PAMAM-NH2, PAMAM-COOH |
Demineralized enamel | Enamel remineralization | [248] | |
PAMAM-PO3H2 | Demineralized dentin and type I collagen matrix | Hydroxyapatite, Dentin remineralization | [232] | |
G3 PAMAM | Pulpine | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization, pulp tissue repair | [243] |
PAMAM | Honokiol-loaded | Demineralized dentin | Enamel remineralization, anti-bacterial | [254] |
G4 PAMAM-COOH | Chlorhexidine | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization | [242] |
G3 PAMAM-NH2 | Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate, pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate resin | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization in an acidic solution after severe fluid challenges | [229] |
G4 PAMAM- PO3H2 G4 PAMAM-COOH |
Demineralized dentin | Dentin biomimetic remineralization and dentinal tubule occlusion | [235] | |
G4 PAMAM-COOH | Amorphous calcium phosphate nanofillers, chlorhexidine | Demineralized dentin | Dentin remineralization, anti-bacterial | [241] |
PAMAM- PO3H2 | Dental pulp stem cells | [208] | ||
PAMAM- PO3H2 PAMAM-COOH | Collagen fibrils | Mineralization of type I collagen fibrils | [236] | |
PAMAM–COOH | Nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate | Collagen fibrils | Mineralization of dentin type I collagen fibrils | [220] |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020524