Virtual reality (VR) is an immersive technology that allows users to experience a computer-generated environment using head-mounted displays and other sensory devices [
48]. In the context of pain management, VR has been used as a distraction technique to divert attention away from pain, reducing its perception and emotional impact [
49]. While the evidence is still sparse, it holds encouraging potential for employing virtual reality in managing pain for individuals receiving hemodialysis [
50,
51]. A randomized controlled study evaluated the effects of combining exercise training with VR on functionality and quality of life in patients on hemodialysis [
52]. The intervention group showed improved functional capacity and quality of life in physical and specific domains [
52]. There was no significant impact on depressive symptoms. Furthermore, a pilot trial study tested the safety, acceptability, and utility of VR during hemodialysis treatment sessions using a new VR program that provided mindfulness training and guided meditation [
53]. Patients on hemodialysis (
n = 20) experienced the program on two separate occasions, and the results showed significant decreases in treatment and/or motion-related symptoms after VR exposure, with high levels of immersion in the VR environment reported. VR programs may be a safe platform to improve the experience of dialysis patients.
7. Other Alternative Methods
In addition to the previously mentioned NPIs, several alternative methods have been examined to manage pain in hemodialysis patients. These non-pharmacological approaches include transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), music therapy, and aromatherapy. TENS is a non-invasive method that involves delivering mild electrical currents through electrodes placed on the skin to help alleviate pain [
56].
In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted by Yang et al. [
57], it was observed that TENS significantly reduced pain intensity in hemodialysis patients with access-related pain and increased salivary flow rate [
57]. TENS can be a valuable tool in addressing access-related pain in hemodialysis patients. In various contexts, music was demonstrated to have a significant impact on pain reduction [
58]. There are several hypotheses regarding the mechanism that underlies the musical effect. By engaging the brain in the processing of musical stimuli, the brain’s capacity to process pain signals may be diminished; this is called the distraction effect [
59]. Listening to pleasurable and comforting music can encourage relaxation and positive emotions, which may relieve pain by reducing stress and anxiety; this is called emotional regulation [
60]. Lastly, through neurochemical modulation, music induces the release of endorphins, which can act as analgesics to minimize pain sensations [
61,
62].
Aromatherapy is a type of alternative medicine that employs plant-derived essential oils to promote physical and mental health. While aromatherapy is not a pain remedy, it effectively reduces pain levels and enhances overall comfort [
65]. Aromatherapy’s pain-relieving mechanism remains unclear, but multiple hypotheses explain its effectiveness. Aromatherapy activates the limbic system in the brain, which is connected to the olfactory system [
66]. This stimulation causes the release of endorphins, a natural painkiller [
67]. The delightful aroma of essential oils may distract the mind from painful sensations by acting as a diversion. Lastly, some essential oils possess anti-inflammatory effects, thereby reducing inflammation and relieving pain in afflicted areas [
68].