1. Introduction

Evaluating the role of more specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, such as the central vein sign (CVS), is considered a high-priority area for research according to The International Panel on Diagnosis of MS, which produced the 2017 revised diagnostic criteria^[1].

The central vein sign is a marker developed initially in 7 Tesla (T) MRI studies^[2][3], relying on the pathological specificity of perivenular distribution of MS lesions, exploiting the ability of susceptibility (T2*-“T2-star”)-based MRI sequences to highlight in vivo paramagnetic properties of deoxyhemoglobin in venous blood flow^[4].

By combining both magnitude and phase images acquired using T2*-weighted gradient echo (GRE) pulse sequences, it is possible to exploit susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) that can reveal the presence of blood vessels in MS lesions^[5][6]. Even though the core protocol always includes a GRE sequence, many MRI parameters can be utilized to obtain SWI^[5]. For instance, some studies introduced echo-planar imaging (EPI) to retrieve high-resolution images while reducing the scan time^[7]. The post-processing implementation introduces further heterogeneity in the studies. The first processing step required to compute SWI is the removal of artefacts from phase images. Several different phase processing approaches have been tested where high-pass filters are applied directly to phase images or following phase unwrapping ^[8]. Besides obtaining SWI from the combination of both magnitude and phase from the same GRE acquisition, another strategy consists of multiplying a T2*-weighted sequence with the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence to obtain a FLAIR* image^[9]. This approach combines the sensibility of FLAIR in detecting WM lesions and the ability of susceptibility-based imaging to highlight the presence of the vein (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Example of MS MRI images obtained with different sequences to detect the central vein sign (CVS). T2*-weighted 3D echo-planar imaging (EPI), 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and FLAIR*, a post-processing technique that combines the EPI sequence [or more generally a T2*w sequence (used to detect CVS)] and FLAIR. The orange arrowheads indicate MS lesions with the characteristic CVS. A zoomed-in version of the same image is reported to highlight the CVS feature for each modality.

Although a definition of the CVS has been recently provided^[10], and criteria based on both proportion lesion threshold^{[11] [12]} or lesion number threshold ^[13][14] have been proposed to discriminate MS from its MRI mimics, its use in clinical practice has yet to be implemented.

2. Discussion

The systematic review and meta-analysis (35 studies considered eligible up to 24 August 2020) we performed revealed a proportion of 73% of MS lesions showing a CVS. Moreover, the use of the CVS reported a notable diagnostic performance, providing a pooled specificity of 92% and sensitivity of 95%. The pooled diagnostic performances in differentiating MS from other diseases estimated with the area under the HSROC of 0.98 (95%CI, 0.96–0.99%) revealed an excellent performance in this task. The optimal cut-off value obtained from the single patient data pooled together was 40% with an excellent value of the accuracy calculated by the area under the ROC (0.946). This cut-off value confirms this proportion threshold-based criteria as an excellent value with a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 89%. A portion of the studies included in this review used the FLAIR* approach^[9], but the analyses included in this study did not provide any difference in the proportion of detectable CVS-positive lesions when using this approach with respect to others. The limited number of studies employing this method available for this review might have influenced this result; however, this approach might be rarely accessible in a clinical setting since to produce FLAIR* images, processing steps such as coregistration and multiplication, often not implemented directly in MRI scanners, are necessary. Another interesting aspect highlighted by this examination is that both the choice of the sequence and the scanner field strength play an important role in identifying the CVS. As expected, the higher signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio of 7T MRI scanners do contribute to delineate better the CVS (0.82); however, we found that the use of 3T scanner might be sufficient in this regard (0.74). In contrast, 1.5T scanners showed a statistically significant reduction in CSV detection (0.58). Among sequences, we found a statistically significant improvement of the CVS proportion detected in MS lesions using a 3D-EPI sequence versus all other sequences (0.82 vs 0.71) regardless of the magnetic field strength. However, this particular sequence is not routinely used, perhaps due to a standard product sequence's unavailability from some manufacturers.

3. Conclusion

Despite the high heterogeneity of the studies included in this meta-analysis, the CVS in differentiating MS lesions from other confounding diseases could be used. We highlight that the minimum scanner field strength needed to better exploit the CVS specificity is 3T, and the T2*-weighted 3D-EPI sequence could be suggested as a preferable image acquisition strategy.

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/diagnostics10121025