Consequences such as climate change and increasing carbon emissions are considered the result of conventional, i.e., linear practices followed by the industrial community. Growing concerns about industrial activities have necessitated the transition of the industrial community from linear practices to circular economy (CE) practices. Thus, the manufacturing community is in a situation to adopt CE practices to ensure sustainable industrial practice [1]. The need to adopt CE practices has been more compelling for the textile industry as it is the second most polluting industrial sector in the world [2]. The toxic substances released during the processing activities of the textile industry pollute the air, water, and soil heavily. Further, the processing activities of the textile industry consume more quantity of water [3]. Apart from this, the amount of post-consumer textile waste is also increasing at an alarming rate. The CE practices provide an opportunity for recycling or reusing textile waste, which can reduce consumption and demand for virgin materials. A recent fashion trend, called fast fashion, is growing in many parts of the world. This trend offers fashionable clothes at low cost, hence creating a mentality that clothes are affordable [4]. Brands such as Zara offer 24 different apparel offerings in a year, while H&M offers 12 to 16 collections [5]. This business model largely benefits big fashion retailers. However, fast fashion culture has resulted in the generation of a huge quantity of textile waste. Hence, this model is being criticized for its wide range of environmental and social adversities.

Most of the textile materials, post-consumption, are thrown into landfills. Here, CE practices provide an opportunity where the discarded waste from one process can be used as input in other manufacturing processes such as spinning, weaving, stitching, and cutting. By following conventional linear industrial practices, it is not possible to recover value from the waste, and hence, it is mandatory for the textile industry to adopt CE practices. A survey by the Boston consulting group has estimated that global textile waste could reach 148 million tons by 2030 and that would be 62% higher than the waste generated in 2015 [6]. Earlier, waste was considered an unnecessary burden. Now, with the advent of CE practices, waste is viewed as a resource. Hence, it is evident that the textile industry has enormous potential for recycling through CE practices. The absence of effective, and underutilized recycling practices accounts for a loss of more than USD 500 billion of textile waste every year [7]. Being a highly resource-dependent industrial sector, the adoption of CE practices will largely benefit the textile industry [8]. Though recycling the waste at pre- and post-consumption stages benefits the textile industry to a large extent, regularizing and incorporating the recycling practices is hindered by many barriers.

Compared to conventional forward supply chain activities, the uncertainties in the reverse supply chain are quite high. Unlike the forward supply chain, in the reverse supply chain, it is difficult to meet the demand [9]. The raw material is an important factor in determining the cost of the textile product. It has to be noticed that it is difficult to process the raw materials used in the textile industry without any waste. This pre-consumed industrial waste can be used by the textile industry. Further, the post-consumed waste can also be used as the input material by the textile industry [10]. However, the amount of textile waste discarded may vary from time to time and hence, it is difficult to ensure a consistent supply of textile waste to the recycling facility. The importance of recycling clothing is often talked about and even supported by fashion retailers, but it is only part of the solution to attain a level of sustainability in this incredibly significant yet highly polluting industry. Reducing customer consumption and promoting a more sustainable way of living is especially important [11]. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12, which is to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, works hand in hand with achieving a CE in this industry. SDG 12 emphasizes a sustainable consumption pattern, with the intention of minimizing resource consumption and waste generation [12,13]. Consumer unawareness and the reckless attitude of the textile industry towards the environment are some of the major reasons for the poor recycling of textile waste. Despite efforts to retain value from the waste, only 1% of the textile waste is recycled [14].

India, being a highly populated country, consumes more apparel and generates a huge quantity of textile waste. More than 1 million tons of textile waste are thrown away every year in India [15,16]. According to [17], India is the sixth-largest exporter of textiles and apparel in the world. Moreover, the Indian textile industry contributes more than 35% of the country’s total export earnings [9]. To sustain the growth of the textile industry and also manage textile waste. The Indian textile industrial sector needs to adopt a recycling process [18]. Following the recycling process may benefit the textile industry by reducing the raw material cost involved and processing time [19]. However, the textile industry is faced with numerous barriers to the adoption of recycling practices. Accordingly, Many research works identified barriers to textile recycling [1,20,21]. However, it is also critical to understand the interrelationship among the barriers.

Globalization has urged the textile industry to manufacture more apparel at a low cost and time. Such kind of necessity has led to the fast fashion trend which is characterized by mass production, variety, and affordability. The fast fashion trend has resulted in increased sales and consumption of apparel which consequently increased the quantity of textile waste [23]. Thus, textile waste turned out to be a menace to society. Recovering value from waste has been suggested as an effective waste management method, and it may also help in maintaining social and economic sustainability. As there is an increase in social pressure, adopting recycling practices has become imperative for the industrial community [24]. Further, to combat the environmental menace of textile waste, individual countries have devised certain strategies and have also asked the textile industry of the respective countries to recover value from the textile waste. Accordingly, in January 2022, Sweden launched an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policy, and the United Kingdom is planning to launch such a policy by 2025. After introducing a dedicated policy for waste management, the textile industry in France recycled 35% of textile waste and reused 60% of textile waste [25]. Similarly, New Zealand introduced a product stewardship scheme, where all the stakeholders involved in product development are responsible for social and environmental impact throughout the product lifecycle [26]. By launching the Used Clothing Recycling Program (UCRP) in 2013, the fast fashion retailer company, H & M collected 20,649 tons and 29,005 tons of textile waste in 2018 and 2019 and recycled, respectively. Likewise, UNIQLO, another fashion brand, from September 2019 to January 2021, collected and recycled nearly 620,000 leather jackets [27]. The recycling programs have been well-received in developed countries, whereas the scenario is quite different in developing countries.

Owing to the lack of awareness of the role of recycling in sustainable development, recycling initiatives have received only lukewarm responses in developing countries [10]. As a result, in developing countries such as India, recycling occurs on a small scale. There are Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) hubs for recycling disposed textiles from industries in Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, and in Panipat, Haryana. They are also famous for recycling discarded clothing imported from Western countries. For more comprehensive recycling practices, the number of recycling facilities has to be scaled up [28]. Further, taking advantage of cheap labor costs, most of the renowned fashion companies are outsourcing production activities to developing countries which significantly affects social sustainability [29]. In Sri Lanka, recycling activities are limited to industrial textile waste (cutting waste, quality rejections, and spare fabrics) only [14]. Unlike in developed countries, there is no formal mechanism to collect and regularize post-consumer textile waste in developing countries. The reason for the failure of recycling practices in developing countries starts from the first mile itself, i.e., the collection of used textile materials from individual consumers [30].

2.2. Barriers to Textile Recycling