An intelligent transportation system is one of the fundamental goals of the smart city concept. The Internet of Things (IoT) concept is a basic instrument to digitalize and automatize the process in the intelligent transportation system. Digitalization via the IoT concept enables the automatic collection of data usable for management in the transportation system. The IoT concept includes a system of sensors, actuators, control units and computational distribution among the edge, fog and cloud layers.
Intrusive Sensors |
In Roadway Based Sensors |
Piezoelectric Sensor |
Fiber Bragg Gratting Sensor |
||
Pneumatic Tube Detector |
||
Vibration Sensor |
||
Loop Detector |
||
Magnetic Sensor |
||
Non-intrusive Sensors Sensors |
Side Roadway Based Sensors |
RFID |
Acoustic Sensor |
||
Laser Scanner |
||
Radar |
||
Wi-Fi |
||
Over Roadway Based Sensors |
Lidar |
|
Passive Infrared Sensor |
||
Ultrasonic Sensor |
||
Camera Systems |
HOV Lane Management |
Incident Detection |
Vehicle Counting |
License Plate Recognition |
Vehicle Type Classification |
Speed Measurement |
Parking Management |
Weight Measuring |
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Piezoelectric Sensor |
In-Vehicle monitoring the seat occupancy approach. [11] |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach as well as the sensor installing as a part of the vehicles detect crashes. |
This approach uses simple statistical models for analysis electrical signal generated from the mechanical pressure. [34] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses an obtained weight features to categorize the vehicles. [34] |
Indirectly, installing this system as a vehicle counter in many places in the same road section. [35] |
Parking management system solved via vehicle counting entry in park houses. [36] |
It uses the feature of increasing weight impacting on strength of generated electrical signals. [37] |
FBG sensor |
In-Vehicle monitoring the seat occupancy approach. |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach. |
This approach uses simple statistical models for analysis electrical signal generated from the mechanical pressure. [42] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses an obtained weight features to categorize the vehicles. [43] |
Signal wave analysis [44]. |
Parking management system solved via vehicle counting entry in park houses. [45] |
It uses the feature of increasing weight impacting on strength of generated electrical signals. [46] |
Pneumatic Road Tube |
Indirectly via categorization of vehicles proposed for public transport. [47] |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach. |
This approach uses simple statistical models for analysis electrical signal generated from the mechanical pressure. [47] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses an obtained weight features to categorize the vehicles. [47] |
Indirectly, installing this system as a vehicle counter in many places in the same road section. [35] |
Parking management system solved via vehicle counting entry in park houses. [47] |
It uses the feature of increasing weight impacting on strength of generated electrical signals. [48] |
Vibration sensor |
In-Vehicle monitoring the seat occupancy approach. [49] |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach. |
This approach uses simple statistical models for analysis electrical signal generated from the vibration. [51] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses an obtained weight features to categorize the vehicles. [52] |
For railway transportation or heavy vehicles, signal processing and analysis are used. [53] |
Parking management system solved via vehicle counting entry in park houses. [54] |
It uses the feature of increasing weight impacting on strength of generated electrical signals. [55] |
Loop Detector |
Indirectly via categorization of vehicles proposed for public transport. [56] |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach. |
This approach uses simple statistical models for analysis electrical signal generated from the magnetic field change. [57] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses an obtained weight features to categorize the vehicles. [56] |
Indirectly, installing this system as a vehicle counter in many places in the same road section. [35] |
Parking management system solved via vehicle counting entry in park houses. [58] |
Not found publication article on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
Magnetic Sensor |
Indirectly via categorization of vehicles proposed for public transport. [59] |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach. |
This approach uses simple statistical models for analysis electrical signal generated from the magnetic field change. [60] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses an obtained weight features to categorize the vehicles. [59] |
Indirectly, installing this system as a vehicle counter in many places in the same road section. [35] |
Parking management system solved via vehicle counting entry in park houses. [61] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
Radio frequency identification |
Identification of every passenger approach. |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach. |
This approach reads the data from device [64] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
All vehicles identified via this system have to carry information about the type of vehicle implicitly. [65] |
Indirectly, installing this system as a vehicle counter in many places in the same road section. [35] |
Parking management system solved via vehicle counting entry in park houses. [66] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
Acoustic Sensor |
Vehicle’s engine sound analysis correlated to vehicle occupancy. [67] |
The typical sound of a vehicle collision detects the incident. [68] |
This approach uses simple statistical models for analysis electrical signal generated from the sound. [69] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses the engine’s sound to categorize the vehicles. [70] |
Signal processing and analysis through neural network. [71] |
Parking management system solved via vehicle counting entry in park houses. [72] |
It uses the feature of increasing weight impacting on strength of generated electrical signals. [73] |
Laser Scanner |
In-Vehicle monitoring the seat occupancy approach. |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach. |
This approach scans the environment to find vehicles. [76] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses spatial parameters information. [77] |
It uses the distance change in the time interval to compute the average speed. [78] |
The possibility of exact occupancy-free parking slots checking. [79] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
Radar |
In-Vehicle monitoring the seat occupancy approach. [80] |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach. |
This approach scans the environment to find vehicles. [81] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses spatial parameters information. [82] |
It uses the distance change in the time interval to compute the average speed. [28] |
The possibility of exact occupancy-free parking slots checking. [83] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
Wi-Fi |
In-Vehicle monitoring the seat occupancy approach. [84] |
Indirectly with the combination of vehicle counting and machine learning approach. |
This approach uses the signal interuption for detect a vehicle presence. [85] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses spatial parameters information. [85] |
Indirectly, installing this system as a vehicle counter in many places in the same road section. [35] |
The possibility of exact occupancy-free parking slots checking. [86] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
Lidar |
In-Vehicle monitoring the seat occupancy approach. [87] |
The installed sensor could detect the distance that leads to a collision with other object in the traffic. [88] |
This approach scans the environment to find vehicles. [89] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses spatial parameters information. [90] |
It uses the distance change in the time interval to compute the average speed. [91] |
The possibility of exact occupancy-free parking slots checking. [92] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
Passive Infrared Sensor |
In-Vehicle monitoring the seat occupancy approach. [93] |
Passive Infrared Sensor could detect a fire. [94] |
This approach scans the environment to find vehicles. [95] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses spatial parameters information. [96] |
Indirectly, installing this system as a vehicle counter in many places in the same road section. [35] |
Parking management system solved via vehicle counting entry in park houses. [97] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
Ultrasonic Sensor |
In-Vehicle monitoring the seat occupancy approach. [98] |
The installed sensor could detect the distance that leads to a collision with other objects in the traffic. [50] |
This approach scans the environment to find vehicles. [99] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
It uses spatial parameters information. [100] |
Indirectly, installing this system as a vehicle counter in many places in the same road section. [35] |
The possibility of exact occupancy-free parking slots checking. [101] |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
Camera Systems |
Persons counting via computer vision approach on dedicated stations. [10] |
Object detection, Object tracking, and image classification |
Object detection and image classification approach [104]. |
Object detection and image classification aproaches. [105] |
It uses spatial parameters information. Image classification |
Object detection and Object tracking [108]. |
Object detection and other CV methods [29]. |
Not found publication articles on using this sensor as a solution to this problem at this moment. |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/s23094469