Qigong: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Conner Chen and Version 1 by Karen van Dam.

       Owing to work intensification and an accelerated pace of life, individuals in many western countries are often overactivated and find it difficult to switch off. However, recovery from physiological and mental activation is critical to prevent stress symptoms, and maintain one’s physiological and mental well-being. Extensive research evidence indicates that Qigong, a traditional Chinese movement practice for promoting health, provides an effective means to recover from work and off-work demands. The main objective of this entry is to explain Qigong and its core components, and show how Qigong can impact practitioners' fysical and mental health. 

  • stress prevention
  • recovery
  • well-being
  • Qigong
  • meditative movement
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Jahnke, R.; Larkey, L.; Rogers, C.; Etnier, J.; Lin, F. A comprehensive review of health benefits of qigong and tai chi. Am. J. Health Prom., 2010, 24, e1–e25.
  2. Cohen, K.S. The Way of Qigong; the Art and Science of Chinese Energy Healing; Ballantine: New York, NY, USA, 1997.
  3. Yang, J-W. The Roots of Chinese Qigong; YMAA Publication Center: Wolfeboro, NH, USA, 1997.
  4. Dong, X.; Bergren, S. Qigong among older adults: A global review. Clin. Res. Trials 2016, 2, 120–144.
  5. Larkey, L.; Jahnke, R.; Etnier, J.; Gonzales, J. Meditative movement as a category of exercise: Implications for research. J. Phys. Act. Health 2009, 6, 230–238.
  6. Ladawan, S.; Klarod, K.; Philippe, M.; Menz, V.; Versen, V.; Gatterer, H.; Burtscher, M. Effect of Qigong exercise on cognitive function, blood pressure and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy middle-aged subjects. Complement. Ther. Med. 2017, 33, 39–45.
  7. Wayne, P. The Harvard Medical School Guide to Tai Chi; Shambala Publishers: Boulder, CO, USA, 2013.
  8. Klich, W.; Milert, A. Tai chi and Qigong as a form of physical activity of people of all ages in the context of modern physiotherapy. Physic. Act. Rev. 2018, 6, 22–28.
  9. Rogers, C.E.; Larkey, L.K.; Keller, C. A review of clinical trials of Tai Chi and Qigong in older adults. West. J. Nurs. Res. 2009, 31, 245–279.
  10. Wang, C.; Collet, J.P.; Lau, J. The effect of Tai Chi on health outcomes in patients with chronic conditions. Arch. Int. Med. 2004, 164, 493–501.
  11. Zhang, L.; Layne, C.; Lowder, T.; Liu, J. A review focused on the psychological effectiveness of Tai Chi on different populations. Evid-Based Compl. Alt. 2012, doi:10.1155/2012/678107.
  12. Jacobson, E. Progressive Relaxation: A Physiological and Clinical Investigation of Muscular States and Their Significance in Psychology and Medical Practice; The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1974.
  13. McGuigan, F.J.; Lehrer, P.M. Progressive relaxation: Origins, principles, and clinical applications. In Principles and Practices of Stress Management; Lehrer, P.M., Woolfolk, R.L., Sime, W.E., Eds; Guildford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2007; pp. 57–87.
  14. Liu, J. The Key to the Qigong Meditation State: Rujing and Still Qigong; Singing Dragon: London, UK, 2017.
  15. Jerath, R.; Crawford, M.W.; Barnes, V.A.; Harden, K. Selfregulation of breathing as a primary treatment for anxiety. Appl. Psychophys. Biof. 2015, 40, 107–115.
  16. Mahtani, K.R.; Nunan, D.; Heneghan, C.J. Device-guided breathing exercises in the control of human blood pressure: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hypertens. 2012, 30, 852–860.
  17. Zaccaro, A.; Piarulli, A.; Laurino, M.; Garbella, E.; Menicucci, D.; Neri, B.; Gemignani, A. How breath-control can change your life: A systematic review on psycho-physiological correlates of slow breathing. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2018, 12, 353.
  18. Osypiuk, K.; Thompson, E.; Wayne, P. Can Tai Chi and Qigong postures shape our mood? Toward an embodied cognition framework for body-mind research. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2018, 12, 174, doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00174.
  19. Payne, P.; Crane-Godreau, M.A. Meditative movement for depression and anxiety. Front. Psychiat. 2013, 4, 71, doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00071.
  20. Wang, C.; Bannuru, R.; Ramel, J.; Kupelnick, B.; Scott, T.; Schmid, C.H. Tai Chi on psychological well-being: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Compl. Alt. Med. 2010, 10, 23–39.
  21. Yang, G.J.; Wang, L.Q.; Ren, J.; Zhang, Y.; Li, M.L.; Zhu, Y.T.; Luo, J.; Cheng, Y.J.; Li, W.Y.; Wayne, P.M.; et al. Evidence base of clinical studies on Tai Chi: A bibliometric analysis. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0120655.
  22. Webster, C.S.; Luo, A.Y.; Krägeloh, C.; Maioir, F.; Henning, M. A systematic review of the health benefits of Tai Chi for students in higher education. Pre. Med. Rep. 2016, 3, 103–112.
  23. Xiong, X.; Wang, P.; Li, S.; Zhang, Y.; Li, X. Effect of Baduanjin exercise for hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas 2015, 80, 370–378.
  24. Lee, M.-S.; Lee, M.S.; Kim, H-J. Qigong reduced blood pressure and catecholamine levels of patients with essential hypertension. Int. J. Neurosci. 2003, 113, 1691–1701.
  25. Audette, J.F.; Jin, Y.S.; Newcomer, R.; Stein, L.; Duncan, G.; Frontera, W.R. Tai Chi versus brisk walking in elderly women. Age Ageing 2005 35, 388–393.
  26. Manzaneque, J.M.; Vera, F.M.; Rodriguez, F.M.; Garcia, G.J.; Leyva, L.; Blanca, M.J. Assessment of immunological parameters following a Qigong training program. Med. Sci. Monitor 2004 10, CR264–CR270.
  27. Wang, C.-W.; Ng, S.-M.; Ho, R.T.H.; Ziea, E.T.C.; Wong, V.C.W.; Chan, C.L.W. The effect of Qigong exercise on immunity and infections: A systematic review of controlled trials. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2012, 40, 1143–1156.
  28. Yang, Y.; Verkuilen, J.; Rosengren, K.S.; Mariani, R.A.; Reed, M.; Grubisich, S.A.; Woods, J.A. Effects of a Taiji and Qigong intervention on the antibody response to influenza vaccine in older adults. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2007, 35, 597–607.
  29. Chow, Y.W.Y.; Dorcas, A.; Siu, A.M.H. The effects of Qigong on reducing stress and anxiety and enhancing body–mind well-being. Mindfulness 2012, 3, 51–59.
  30. Griffith, J.M.; Hasley, J.P.; Liu, H., Severn, D.G.; Conner, L.H.; Adler, L.E. Qigong stress reduction in hospital staff. J. Altern. Complem. Med. 2008, 14, 939–945.
  31. Hwang, E.Y.; Chung, S.Y.; Cho, J.H.; Song, M.Y.; Kim, S.; Kim, J.W. Effects of a brief Qigong-based stress reduction program (BQSRP) in a distressed Korean population: A randomized trial. BMC Compl. Alt. Med. 2013, 13, 113.
  32. Wang, C.-W.; Chan, C.H.Y.; Ho, R.T.H.; Chen, J.S.M.; Ng, S.-M.; Chan, C.L.W. Managing stress and anxiety through Qigong exercise in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Complem. Alt. Med. 2014, 14, 8–24.
  33. Skoglund, L.; Jansson, E. Qigong reduces stress in computer operators. Complement. Ther. Clin. 2007, 13, 78–84.
  34. Chan, A.W.K.; Yu, D.S.F.; Choi, K.C.; Lee, D.T.F.; Sit, J.W.H.; Chan, H.Y.L. Tai chi qigong as a means to improve night-time sleep quality among older adults with cognitive impairment: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin. Interv. Aging 2016, 11, 1277–1286.
  35. Ho, R.T.H.; Chan, J.S.M.; Wang, C.-W.; Lau, B.W.M.; So, K.F.; Yuen, L.P.; Sham, J.S.T.; Chan, C.L.W. A randomized controlled trial of Qigong exercise on fatique symptoms, functioning, and telomerase activity in persons with chronic fatique or chronic fatique syndrome. Annu. Behav. Med. 2012, 44, 160–170.
  36. Johansson, M.; Hassmén, P.; Jouper, J. Acute effects of Qigong exercise on mood and anxiety. Int. J. Stress Manage. 2008, 15, 199–207.
  37. Kjos, V.; Etnier, J.L. A pilot study of physical and psychological responses to medical Qigong as compared to walking. J. Aging Phys. Activ. 2006, 14, 241–253.
  38. Oh, B.; Choi, S.M.; Ianmouri, A.; Rosenthal, D.; Yeung, A. Effects of Qigong on depression: A systematic review. Evid. Based Compl. Alt. 2013, doi:10/1155/2013/134737.
  39. Chan, E.S.; Koh, D.; Teo, Y.C.; Tamin, R.H.; Lim, A.; Fredericks, S. Biochemical and psychometric evaluation of Self-Healing Qigong as a stress reduction tool among first year nursing and midwifery students. Complement. Ther. Clin. 2013, 19, 179–183.
  40. So, W.W.Y.; Cai, S.; Yau, S.Y.; Tsang, H.W.H. The neurophysiological and psychological mechanisms of Qigong as a treatment for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Psychiat. 2019, 10, 820, doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00820.
  41. Taylor-Piliae, R.E.; Newell, K.A.; Cherin, R.; King, A.C.; Haskell, W.L. Effects of Tai Chi and Western exercise on physical and cognitive functioning in healthy community-dwelling older adults. J. Aging Phys. Act. 2010, 18, 261–279.
  42. Garland, E.L.; Farb, N.A.; Goldin, P.R.; Fredrickson, B.L. The Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory: Extensions, applications and challenges at the attention–appraisal–emotion interface, Psychol. Inq. 2015, 26, 377–387.
  43. Menezes, C.B.; De Paula Couto, M.C.; Buratto, L.G.; Erthal, F.; Pereira, M.G.; Bizarro, L. The improvement of emotion and attention regulation after a 6-week training of focused meditation: A randomized controlled trial. Evid. Based Compl. Alt. 2013, doi:10.1155/2013/984678.
  44. Smid, G.E.; Kleber, R.J.; Rademaker, A.R.; Van Zuiden, M.; Vermetten, E. The role of stress sensitization in progression of posttraumatic distress following deployment. Soc. Psych. Psych. Epid. 2013, 48, 1743–1754.
  45. Wiese, C.W.; Kuykendall; Tay, L. Get active? A meta-analysis of leisure-time physical activity and subjective well-being. J. Posit. Psychol. 2018, 13, 57–66.
  46. Christie, B.R.; Eadie, B.D.; Kannangara, T.S.; Robillard, J.M.; Shin, J.; Titterness, A.K. Exercising our brains: How physical activity impacts synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus Neuromol. Med. 2008, 10, 47–58.
  47. Sapolsky, R.M.; Krey, L.C.; McEwen, B.S. The neuroendocrinology of stress and aging: The glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. Endocr. Rev. 1986, 7, 284–301.
  48. Tessner, K.D.; Walker, E.F.; Dhruv, S.H.; Hochman, K.; Hamann, S. The relation of cortisol levels with hippocampus volumes under baseline and challenge conditions. Brain Res. 2007, 1179, 70–78.
  49. Vigorito, C.; Giallauria, F. Effects of exercise on cardiovascular performance in elderly. Front. Physiol. 2014, 5, 51, doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00051.
  50. Leosco, D.; Parisi, V.; Femminella, G.D.; Petraglia, L.; Allocca, E.; Boneduce, D. Effects of exercise training on cardiovascular adrenergic system. Front. Physiol. 2013, 4, 348.
  51. Tomporowski, P.D.; Davis, C.L.; Miller, P.H.; Naglieri, J.A. Exercise and children’s intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 2008, 20, 111–131.
  52. McCallie, M.S.; Blum, C.M.; Hood, C.J. Progressive muscle relaxation. J. Hum. Behav. Soc. Environ. 2006, 13, 51–66.
  53. Dhyani, D.; Sen, S.; Raghumahanti, R. Effect of progressive muscular relaxation on stress and disability in subjects with chronic low back pain. J. Nurs. Health Sci. 2015, 4, 40–45.
  54. Manzoni, G.M.; Pagnini, F.; Castelnuovo, G.; Molinari, E. Relaxation training for anxiety: A ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psych. 2008, 8, 41.
  55. Dolbier, C.L.; Rush, T.E. Efficacy of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation in a high-stress college sample. Int. J. Stress Manage. 2012, 19, 48–68.
  56. Morin, C.; Hauri, J.; Espie, C.; Spielman, A.J.; Buysse, D.J.; Bootzin, R.R. Nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia. Sleep 1999, 22, 1134–1156.
  57. Kabat-Zin, J. Wherever You Go, There You Are; Mindfulness Meditation in Everyday Life; Hyperion: New York, NY, USA, 1994.
  58. Brown, K.W.; Ryan, R.M.; Creswell, J.D. Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychol. Inq. 2007, 18, 211–237.
  59. Keng, S.L.; Smoski, M.J.; Robins, C.J. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2011, 31, 1041–1056.
  60. Khoury, B.; Sharma, M.; Rush, S.E.; Fournier, C. Mindfull-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. J. Psychomet. Res. 2015, 78, 519–528.
  61. Lomas, T.; Ivtzan, I.; Fu, C. A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2015, 57, 401–410.
  62. Lumma, A.L.; Kok, B.E.; Singer, T. Is meditation always relaxing? Investigating heart rate, heart rate variability, experienced effort and likeability during training of three types of meditation. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 2015, 97, 38–45.
  63. Lippelt, D.P.; Hommel, B.; Colzato, L.S. Focused attention, open monitoring and loving kindness meditation: Effects on attention, conflict monitoring and creativity. Front. Psychol. 2014, 5, 1083.
  64. Miller, G.E.; Chen, E.; Zhou, E.S. If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychol. Bull. 2007, 133, 25–45.
  65. Brown, R.P.; Gerbarg, P.L. Sudarshan Kriya Yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety and depression: Part I-Neurophysiologic model. J. Altern. Complem. Med. 2005, 11, 189–201.
  66. Pal, G.K.; Velkumary, S.; Madanmohan, M. Effect of short-term practice of breathing exercises on autonomic functions in normal human volunteers. Indian. J. Med. Res. 2004, 120, 115–121.
  67. Zelano, C.; Jiang, H.; Zhou, G.; Arora, N.; Schuele, S.; Rosenow, J.; Gottfried, J.A. Nasal respiration entrains human limbic oscillations and modulates cognitive function. J. Neurosci. 2016, 36, 12448–12467.
More
Video Production Service