Central High-Order Aberrations and Accommodation: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Conner Chen and Version 1 by Jessica Moreira Gomes.

High-order aberrations (HOAs) are optical defects that degrade the image quality. They change with factors such as pupil diameter, age, and accommodation. The changes in optical aberrations during accommodation are mainly due to lens shape and position changes. Primary spherical aberration (Z(4.0)) is closely related to accommodation and some studies suggested that it plays an important role in the control of accommodation. Furthermore, central and peripheral HOAs vary with refractive error and seem to influence eye growth and the onset and progression of myopia. The variations of central and peripheral HOAs during accommodation also appear to be different

depending on the refractive error. Central and peripheral high-order aberrations are closely related to accommodation and influence the accuracy of the accommodative response and the progression of refractive errors, especially myopia. 

  • aberrations
  • accommodation
  • refractive error

1. Introduction

The human eye is not a perfect optical system. The lenses that constitute the eye, cornea and crystalline, have imperfections, low (LOA), and high-order (HOAs) aberrations, that lead to a non-perfect retinal image [1].
For different refractive states, total HOAs appear to have different amounts and distributions [1]; however, it is still not clear if HOAs contribute to the onset of refractive errors or the opposite.
The increase in myopia prevalence over the world has led to extensive investigation searching for a cause, and wavefront aberrations may be related [2], especially peripheral aberrations [3]. It is also important to understand how myopia affects the total optical quality, as this will be important in optimizing myopia treatments, such as orthokeratology and refractive surgery [4].
Ocular accommodation, a process involving changes in the crystalline lens’s shape and position to obtain clear images on the retina of objects at different distances, is also related to wavefront aberrations. According to previous studies [5[5][6],6], changes in ocular aberrations during accommodation can contribute to the accuracy of the accommodative response as they alter the retinal image quality. The investigation of lens’ aberrations changes with accommodation and its consequent influence on the characteristics of the accommodative response could add insight into visual dysfunctions, age processes, and the relationship between ocular accommodation, aberrations, and myopia development.

2. Central HOAs and Accommodation

The quality of the retinal image change with accommodation has been already verified [7,8,9,10,11,12][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Atchison et al. [13] investigated in detail the changes of ocular aberrations of the eye as a function of accommodation. Monochromatic aberrations were analyzed in 15 subjects in 3 different levels of accommodation (0D, 1.50D, and 3.00D). Although the spherical aberration (Z(4,0)) became more negative with accommodation in eight subjects, there was not a clear trend in the amount and direction of changes for other aberrations. The sample size and substantial variability in aberrations between individuals may influence the results. Further studies were carried out and, although the variability between individuals was verified in several studies [8[8][9][12][14],9,12,14], it was shown that aberrations tend to become larger for a high level of accommodation (Figure 1) [8,9,10,11,12][8][9][10][11][12]. Some studies analyzed these variations only between the relaxed state and for a given accommodative demand, whereas others investigated different accommodative levels (Table 1). Root-mean-square (RMS) reaches a minimum close to a relaxed state, remaining constant from 0D to 3.00D of accommodation, and increases for high accommodative demands (Figure 1) (p < 0.05). [6,8,9,10,12][6][8][9][10][12]. In the relaxed state, most wavefront aberrations are approximately 0, except Z(4,0) (which is usually positive), and increase gradually for higher accommodative levels (from 3.00D) [6,8,9,10,12][6][8][9][10][12] with a relevant increase at 5.00D of accommodation (Figure 1) [10].
Figure 1.
Wavefront aberration maps of total HOAs for three accommodative stimuli.
Table 1.
Methodological characteristics of articles where wavefront aberrations were measured during accommodation.

References

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